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the Generic Design Assessment program, a process expected to take about 4 years. 825 Plans are at an early stage and by May 2016, no timescales or even the number of reactors proposed had been announced. The October 2013 announcement led to formal State Aid notification of the proposal to the European Commission, and on 18 December 2013, the Commission announced it was investigating the deal. On 8 October 2014, only days before he left office, Commissioner Joaquin Almunia announced the Commission's authorization of the state aid scheme. 826 The decision is being challenged by the Austrian and Luxembourg governments and some renewable energy utilities. However, by May 2016, hearings on the challenge had not started. Other new delays were triggered by EPR builder AREVA's 2015 technical bankruptcy, which not only makes it virtually impossible for AREVA to contribute 10 percent to the investment but is throwing the entire nuclear sector in France into great difficulty (see France Focus). Further uncertainties arose in April 2015, after “very serious” material defects were identified on the Flamanville EPR pressure vessel bottom and lid. 827 According to the French regulator, the assessment of the safety implications will take at least until December 2016. As a result of the issues raised by the defective parts, the French safety authorities required AREVA to carry out an audit of quality control procedures. ASN reported that: “They revealed irregularities in the manufacturing checks on about 400 parts produced since 1965, about fifty of which would appear to be in service in the French NPPs. These irregularities comprise inconsistencies, modifications or omissions in the production files, concerning manufacturing parameters or test results.” 828 By early July 2016, the implications of these failings were not clear but they could seriously affect the viability of the rescue of AREVA and of course, the Hinkley Point project (see also France Focus). The delays with the Hinkley project mean that the two other consortia considering investment in new nuclear in the U.K. are now, on their own projections, close to overtaking the Hinkley project. NuGen, in June 2014, finalized a new ownership structure with Toshiba-Westinghouse (60 percent) and GDF-Suez (40 percent), as Iberdrola sold their shares. The group plans to build three Toshiba-Westinghouse-designed AP1000 reactors at the Moorside site, with units proposed 825 ONR, “Assessing new nuclear reactor designs—Generic Design Assessment Quarterly Report (July- October 2015)”, Office for Nuclear Regulation, see http://www.onr.org.uk/new-reactors/reports/gdaquarterly-report-jul-oct15.pdf, accessed 18 June 2016. 826 European Commission, “Commission Decision of 08.10.2014 on the aid measure SA.34947 (2013/C) (ex2013/N) which the United Kingdom is planning to implement for Support to the Hinkley Point C Power Station”, 8 October 2014. 827 For a 4-page briefing on the issue see Yves Marignac, “Fabrication Flaws in the Pressure Vessel of the EPR Flamanville-3”, WISE-Paris, 12 April 2015, see https://www.dropbox.com/s/njavhw7ihvkbyeu/WISE- Paris-Fabrication-Flaws-EPR-Flamanville-Latest.pdf, accessed 4 July 2015. 828 ASN, “AREVA has informed ASN of irregularities concerning components manufactured in its Creusot Forge plant”, News Release, 4 May 2016, see http://www.french-nuclear-safety.fr/Information/Newsreleases/Irregularities-concerning-components-manufactured-in-its-Creusot-Forge-plant, accessed 18 June 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 195 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
to begin operating in 2024. 829 However, the AP1000 design is not expected to be licensed before January 2017. 830 Horizon Nuclear was bought by Hitachi from E.ON and RWE for an estimated price of £700 million (US$1.2 billion). The company has submitted its ABWR for technical review, whilst making it clear that its continuation in the project will depend on the outcome of the EDF negotiations with the Government. 831 The ABWR, planned for the Wylfa site, has passed the justification procedure at both Houses of Parliament in January 2015, the Generic Design Assessment (GDA) is even less advanced than that of the AP1000 and expected to be completed sometime by December 2017. 832 If everything did go according to plan, the reactor would start up in 2025. 833 The constant decline in energy and electricity consumption in the U.K. does not favor the economic case for nuclear new-build. Annual final electricity consumption in 2015 was little different to that in 2014 (0.2 percent higher), the lowest consumption level in 17 years. How the U.K. Brexit decision will influence the prospects for nuclear new-build is highly uncertain, even if representatives of all U.K. projects were quick to ascertain that there would be no impact on their plans. Meanwhile, renewables’ share of electricity generation increased from 19.1 percent in 2014 to 24.7 percent in 2015, 834 overtaking nuclear generation, and British renewable projects continue to demonstrate robustly lower market prices than the price guaranteed for 35 years to the largely French-state-owned owners of Hinkley Point C—a disparity bound to create increasing political tensions in the U.K. Switzerland is the only non-EU Western European country that operates nuclear power plants. It operates five reactors that, in 2015, generated 22.1 TWh—a drop of 16.3 percent over the previous year—or 33.5 percent of the country’s electricity, down from a maximum of 44.4 percent in 1996. The decline of the power generation is due to increased outage times, 829 NucNet, “Toshiba Finalises Controlling Stake in UK Nuclear Company NuGen”, 30 June 2014, see http://www.nucnet.org/all-the-news/2014/06/30/toshiba-finalises-controlling-stake-in-uk-nuclear-companynugen, accessed 18 June 2016. 830 ONR, “Assessing new nuclear reactor designs—Generic Design Assessment Quarterly Report (November 2015-January 2016)”, undated, see http://www.onr.org.uk/new-reactors/reports/gda-quarterlyreport-nov15-jan16.pdf, accessed 11 May 2016. 831 Telegraph, “Hitachi reluctant about UK nuclear reactor plan”, 14 April 2013, see http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/9993564/Hitachi-reluctant-about-UK-nuclearreactor-plan.html, accessed 2 July 2016. 832 ONR, “Assessing new nuclear reactor designs—Generic Design Assessment Progress Report, November 2015 to January 2016”, see http://www.onr.org.uk/new-reactors/reports/gda-quarterly-reportnov15-jan16.pdf, accessed 2 July 2016. 833 WNN, “Horizon clears justification hurdle”, 28 January 2015, see http://www.world-nuclearnews.org/NN-Horizon-clears-justification-hurdle-2801151.html, accessed 2 July 2016. 834 DECC, “Statistics – Energy trends—Section 5 – Electricity”, June 2016, see https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/511931/Electricity.pdf, accessed 2 July 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 196 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
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A MYCLE SCHNEIDER CONSULTING PROJEC
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project coordin
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EBRD Chernobyl Decommissioning/Spen
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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Nuclear
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Foreword by Tomas Kåberger 1 The W
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Executive Summary and Conclusions K
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WNISR classifies 36 Japanese reacto
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AREVA Debacle (new episode). The Fr
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Fukushima Prefecture, 70 percent of
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Introduction A major accident, like
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the past two decades, nuclear power
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There were three exceptions in 2015
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In the first half of 2016, three re
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The current world fleet has a total
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However, many of those projects (48
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Table 2: Reactor Construction Times
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Figure 11: Construction Starts in t
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large-scale new-build. Having asses
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Figure 15: Age Distribution of 164
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timeframe are highly unlikely given
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The IAEA says that, “seven countr
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for four units equaled approximatel
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Over the past year, the design sele
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In Turkey, up to three projects are
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electricity generating company (EÜ
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However, Rosatom highlighted the
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eportedly considering “suspending
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start in 2020 and commercial operat
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floating reactors. 160 There is als
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nonetheless suggested that the proj
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Nuclear Finances: Corporate Meltdow
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in the U.S. in 2013 from US$5/MBTU
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decides not to proceed with Hinkley
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market capital for renewable energy
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apply across the whole European mar
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Supervision and Administration Comm
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export market to countries such as
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Conclusion on Corporate Finances Th
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Sequence and Origin of the Accident
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a source of carbon dioxide to smoth
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Figure 29: Cumulative I-131 Concent
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In total, TORCH-2016 (The Other Rep
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in Lithuania, Kozloduy units 1 to 4
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The ISF-2 has been completed, pre-c
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emove the fuel-containing masses (c
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around 4.4 m 3 /hour. 270 Therefore
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Current status of workers The gover
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The government is aggressively seek
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(Full-scale Thyroid Screening Progr
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Costs 315 TEPCO continues to pay co
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contamination. In all parameters li
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However, the average thyroid dose i
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• The Global Energy Assessment 20
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decisions for the construction of n
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consecutive year, making up about 7
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US$43 billion and wind power was US
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Figure 39: Changes in EU Nuclear, S
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hydro renewables power generation a
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Annexes Annex 1: Overview by Region
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The November 2013 edition of the In
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its rated power 374 and until 26 Ma
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ebuilding its Gentilly-2 nuclear at
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LTEP, released in December 2013, co
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The U.S. reactor fleet provided 798
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units had received a license extens
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the capacity market auctions, the p
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subsidies already. First, Illinois
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Conservation (DEC) to deny the plan
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& 2 in Illinois, Pilgrim in Massach
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Pending Combined Operating License
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traditionally been sited, but also
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projects only after Sanmen-1 ‘suc
Page 145 and 146: geographically the nuclear plant th
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Page 149 and 150: work on site in India for six AP100
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Page 153 and 154: 2010 Strategic Energy Plan, which h
Page 155 and 156: The options for how such targets wo
Page 157 and 158: seismic fault line at the site. The
Page 159 and 160: The IRRS team concluded that the NR
Page 161 and 162: meeting the new regulatory guidelin
Page 163 and 164: declared for the reactor and while
Page 165 and 166: However, observers saw a “dramati
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Page 169 and 170: end of March 2014, unit 1 of Lungme
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Page 173 and 174: The following section provides a sh
Page 175 and 176: espectively over one month and two
Page 177 and 178: On 22 December 2015, FANC authorize
Page 179 and 180: In parallel, Fortum Power has been
Page 181 and 182: levels. It now looks plausible that
Page 183 and 184: The Hinkley Point C Saga - A French
Page 185 and 186: esulting in a loss of market share,
Page 187 and 188: for lifetime extensions, before 3/1
Page 189 and 190: and coal-fired generation fell back
Page 191 and 192: announced in April 2004 that his go
Page 193 and 194: nuclear energy, in the form of dire
Page 195: for the £16 billion (US$30 billion
Page 199 and 200: 2019. 839 In December 2015, BKW off
Page 201 and 202: assist in financing. 851 Westinghou
Page 203 and 204: Hungary has only one nuclear power
Page 205 and 206: concluded that when making assumpti
Page 207 and 208: in 2012 and 2013. 893 However, the
Page 209 and 210: of the MNPP [Medzamor Nuclear Power
Page 211 and 212: eactors at the site has been put ba
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Page 215 and 216: Annex 2: Japanese Nuclear Reactor S
Page 217 and 218: Comments WNISR considers that the 1
Page 219 and 220: Notes: Top: Air dose at 1 m height
Page 221 and 222: Annex 5: Status of Lifetime Extensi
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Page 225 and 226: Tomas Kåberger has a MSc in Engine
Page 227 and 228: Annex 7: Abbreviations ABWR AEA AEC
Page 229 and 230: GPSC GUE/NGL GWEC IAEA IANS IAS ICC
Page 231 and 232: PLEC PLEX PPA PRIS PV PWR PXE RAPS-
Page 233 and 234: Annex 8: Status of Nuclear Power in
Page 235 and 236: Annex 9: Nuclear Reactors in the Wo
Page 237 and 238: Country/Reactors Units MWe (net) Co
Page 239 and 240: 15 Delayed again. A further delay o
Page 241: 38 Delayed several times. This esti
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