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July 2020 respectively. 44 As of April 2016, the two units were said by deputy energy minister Mikhail Mikhadyuk to be 38 percent complete. 45 In March 2015, Atomstroyexport admitted the plant would cost over 1,400 billion roubles compared to the forecast from 2014 of 840 billion Rubles. However, the falling price of the rouble against the dollar will significantly affect the dollar price of the project. The project is the focus of international opposition and criticism, with formal complaints from the Lithuanian government. 46 Belarus has been found to be in non-compliance with some of its obligations concerning the construction of the plant, according to the meeting of the Parties of the Espoo Convention. 47 The extent of international opposition to the project was reported in Nuclear Intelligence Weekly, where it said that during the IAEA’s general conference, “a slick presentation from the major government players in the Belarussian nuclear program did little to impress international experts and diplomats.” 48 The trade journal also reported domestic criticism of the project on the grounds of the signing of contracts with a Russian company of poor reputation and that no detailed economic justification of the plant had been presented. While Belarus is currently a net importer of electricity—in 2015 it received 3.6 TWh from Russia and Ukraine, a fall from 3.8 TWh the previous year. 49 When generating, both nuclear units could produce at least double this amount, so domestic power plants will have to be closed, or output restricted, or consumption or power exports increased. This latter option, which would also bring important revenue to Belarus, may not be possible as the Lithuanian Government is seeking to ban electricity imports from the Belarus nuclear power plant due to its safety concerns over the reactor. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), construction is ongoing at the Barakah nuclear project, 300 km west of Abu Dhabi, where there are four reactors under construction. At the time of the contract signing in December 2009, with Korean Electric Power Corp., the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corp (ENEC), said that “the contract for the construction, commissioning and fuel loads 44 WNN, “Reactor vessel assembly completed for second Belarusian unit”, 26 May 2016, see http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Reactor-vessel-assembly-completed-for-second-Belarusian-unit- 26051601.html, accessed 1 July 2016. 45 NEI, “Progress continues at Belarus NPP”, 20 April 2016, see http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsprogress-continues-at-belarus-npp-4870105/, accessed 1 July 2016. 46 Bloomberg, “Lithuania Urges Belarus to Halt Nuclear Project on Safety Issues”, 20 August 2013, see http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-20/lithuania-urges-belarus-to-halt-nuclear-project-on-safetyissues.html, accessed 1 July 2016. 47 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), “Parties to UNECE treaties adopt declaration on applying environmental assessment procedures to nuclear energy issues”, Press Release, 13 June 2014. 48 NIW, “Belarus—A chilled Reception in Vienna”, 27 September 2014. 49 Belarus News, “Belarus' electricity import down by 26.3% to 2.8bn kWh in 2015”, 27 January 2016, see http://eng.belta.by/economics/view/belarus-electricity-import-down-by-263-to-28bn-kwh-in-2015-88511-2016/, accessed 1 July 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 41 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
for four units equaled approximately US$20 billion, with a high percentage of the contract being offered under a fixed-price arrangement”. 50 The original financing plan for the project was thought to include US$10 billion from the Export- Import Bank of Korea, US$2 billion from the Ex-Im Bank of the U.S., US$6 billion from the government of Abu Dhabi, and US$2 billion from commercial banks. 51 However, it is unclear what other financing sources have been used for the project, and it is reported that the cost of the project has risen significantly, with the total cost of the plant including infrastructure and finance now expected to be about US$32 billion, 52 with others putting the cost of the contracts at US$40 billion, including fuel management and operation, 53 although little independent information is available. In July 2010, a site-preparation license and a limited construction license were granted for four reactors at Barakah, 53 kilometers from Ruwais. 54 A tentative schedule published in late December 2010, and not publicly altered since, suggests that Barakah-1 will start commercial operation in May 2017 with unit 2 operating from 2018, unit 3 in 2019, and unit 4 in 2020. Construction of Barakah-1 officially started on 19 July 2012, of Barakah-2 on 28 May 2013, on Barakah-3 on 24 September 2014 and unit 4 on 30 July 2015. 55 In May 2016, ENEC stated that Barakah-1 is about 87 percent complete, unit 2 is at 68 percent, unit 3 at 47 percent and unit 4 at 29 percent. 56 All official sources indicate that the unit 1 will be completed and start operating next year. If this occurs, it will be a remarkable achievement for a country to complete their first new commercial scale nuclear reactor on time although the extent of conformity with the existing budget is unknown. No independent assessment of quality-control conditions—a key driver of construction delays in most countries—is available. 50 ENEC, “UAE Selects Korea Electric Power Corp, as Prime Team as Prime Contractor for Peaceful Nuclear Power”, 27 December 2009, see http://www.enec.gov.ae/media-centre/news/content/uae-selects-koreaelectric-power-corp.-as-prime-team-as-prime-contractor-fo, accessed 1 July 2016. 51 Sang-Baik Kim, Jan-Horst Keppler, “Case Studies On Financing And Electricity Price Arrangements—The Barakah Nuclear Power Plants, The United Arab Emirates”, Organization for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD), Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), Nuclear Development Division, OECD NEA Workshop on Electricity Prices and Nuclear New Build, Paris, 19 September 2013, see http://www.oecdnea.org/ndd/workshops/wpne/presentations/docs/4_2_KIM_%20Barakah%20presentation.pdf, accessed 29 March 2016. 52 WNA, “Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates”, see http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country- Profiles/Countries-T-Z/United-Arab-Emirates/, accessed 29 March 2016. 53 Business Korea, “Nuclear Power Korea Builds Nuclear Reactor in United Arab Emirates”, 20 May 2014, see http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/article/4728/nuclear-power-korea-builds-nuclear-reactor-united-arabemirates#sthash.FVVVoXWp.xqt8U0nj.dpuf, accessed 1 July 2016. 54 ArabianBusinesss.com, “ENEC Welcomes Regulator’s License Approval”, 11 July 2010, see http://www.arabianbusiness.com/enec-welcomes-regulator-s-licence-approvals-306150.html, accessed 1 July 2016. 55 ENEC, “ENEC Completes Major Work And Testing At Barakah Units 1 Nuclear Energy Plant”, 16 February 2016, see http://www.enec.gov.ae/media-centre/news/content/enec-completes-major-workand-testing-at-barakah-unit-1-nuclear-energy-plan, accessed 1 July 2016. 56 NIW, “United Arab Emirates”, 20 May 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 42 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
Page 1 and 2: A MYCLE SCHNEIDER CONSULTING PROJEC
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project coordin
Page 5 and 6: EBRD Chernobyl Decommissioning/Spen
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Nuclear
Page 9 and 10: Foreword by Tomas Kåberger 1 The W
Page 11 and 12: Executive Summary and Conclusions K
Page 13 and 14: WNISR classifies 36 Japanese reacto
Page 15 and 16: AREVA Debacle (new episode). The Fr
Page 17 and 18: Fukushima Prefecture, 70 percent of
Page 19 and 20: Introduction A major accident, like
Page 21 and 22: the past two decades, nuclear power
Page 23 and 24: There were three exceptions in 2015
Page 25 and 26: In the first half of 2016, three re
Page 27 and 28: The current world fleet has a total
Page 29 and 30: However, many of those projects (48
Page 31 and 32: Table 2: Reactor Construction Times
Page 33 and 34: Figure 11: Construction Starts in t
Page 35 and 36: large-scale new-build. Having asses
Page 37 and 38: Figure 15: Age Distribution of 164
Page 39 and 40: timeframe are highly unlikely given
Page 41: The IAEA says that, “seven countr
Page 45 and 46: Over the past year, the design sele
Page 47 and 48: In Turkey, up to three projects are
Page 49 and 50: electricity generating company (EÜ
Page 51 and 52: However, Rosatom highlighted the
Page 53 and 54: eportedly considering “suspending
Page 55 and 56: start in 2020 and commercial operat
Page 57 and 58: floating reactors. 160 There is als
Page 59 and 60: nonetheless suggested that the proj
Page 61 and 62: Nuclear Finances: Corporate Meltdow
Page 63 and 64: in the U.S. in 2013 from US$5/MBTU
Page 65 and 66: decides not to proceed with Hinkley
Page 67 and 68: market capital for renewable energy
Page 69 and 70: apply across the whole European mar
Page 71 and 72: Supervision and Administration Comm
Page 73 and 74: export market to countries such as
Page 75 and 76: Conclusion on Corporate Finances Th
Page 77 and 78: Sequence and Origin of the Accident
Page 79 and 80: a source of carbon dioxide to smoth
Page 81 and 82: Figure 29: Cumulative I-131 Concent
Page 83 and 84: In total, TORCH-2016 (The Other Rep
Page 85 and 86: in Lithuania, Kozloduy units 1 to 4
Page 87 and 88: The ISF-2 has been completed, pre-c
Page 89 and 90: emove the fuel-containing masses (c
Page 91 and 92: around 4.4 m 3 /hour. 270 Therefore
Page 93 and 94:
Current status of workers The gover
Page 95 and 96:
The government is aggressively seek
Page 97 and 98:
(Full-scale Thyroid Screening Progr
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Costs 315 TEPCO continues to pay co
Page 101 and 102:
contamination. In all parameters li
Page 103 and 104:
However, the average thyroid dose i
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• The Global Energy Assessment 20
Page 107 and 108:
decisions for the construction of n
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consecutive year, making up about 7
Page 111 and 112:
US$43 billion and wind power was US
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 39: Changes in EU Nuclear, S
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hydro renewables power generation a
Page 117 and 118:
Annexes Annex 1: Overview by Region
Page 119 and 120:
The November 2013 edition of the In
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its rated power 374 and until 26 Ma
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ebuilding its Gentilly-2 nuclear at
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LTEP, released in December 2013, co
Page 127 and 128:
The U.S. reactor fleet provided 798
Page 129 and 130:
units had received a license extens
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the capacity market auctions, the p
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subsidies already. First, Illinois
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Conservation (DEC) to deny the plan
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& 2 in Illinois, Pilgrim in Massach
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Pending Combined Operating License
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traditionally been sited, but also
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projects only after Sanmen-1 ‘suc
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geographically the nuclear plant th
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(US$6.6 billion), 546 to as low as
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work on site in India for six AP100
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in regulatory safety inspections re
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2010 Strategic Energy Plan, which h
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The options for how such targets wo
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seismic fault line at the site. The
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The IRRS team concluded that the NR
Page 161 and 162:
meeting the new regulatory guidelin
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declared for the reactor and while
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However, observers saw a “dramati
Page 167 and 168:
Despite the government’s commitme
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end of March 2014, unit 1 of Lungme
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after its license had expired, but
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The following section provides a sh
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espectively over one month and two
Page 177 and 178:
On 22 December 2015, FANC authorize
Page 179 and 180:
In parallel, Fortum Power has been
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levels. It now looks plausible that
Page 183 and 184:
The Hinkley Point C Saga - A French
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esulting in a loss of market share,
Page 187 and 188:
for lifetime extensions, before 3/1
Page 189 and 190:
and coal-fired generation fell back
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announced in April 2004 that his go
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nuclear energy, in the form of dire
Page 195 and 196:
for the £16 billion (US$30 billion
Page 197 and 198:
to begin operating in 2024. 829 How
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2019. 839 In December 2015, BKW off
Page 201 and 202:
assist in financing. 851 Westinghou
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Hungary has only one nuclear power
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concluded that when making assumpti
Page 207 and 208:
in 2012 and 2013. 893 However, the
Page 209 and 210:
of the MNPP [Medzamor Nuclear Power
Page 211 and 212:
eactors at the site has been put ba
Page 213 and 214:
Ukraine has 15 operating reactors,
Page 215 and 216:
Annex 2: Japanese Nuclear Reactor S
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Comments WNISR considers that the 1
Page 219 and 220:
Notes: Top: Air dose at 1 m height
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Annex 5: Status of Lifetime Extensi
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Plant Grid Connection Extension App
Page 225 and 226:
Tomas Kåberger has a MSc in Engine
Page 227 and 228:
Annex 7: Abbreviations ABWR AEA AEC
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GPSC GUE/NGL GWEC IAEA IANS IAS ICC
Page 231 and 232:
PLEC PLEX PPA PRIS PV PWR PXE RAPS-
Page 233 and 234:
Annex 8: Status of Nuclear Power in
Page 235 and 236:
Annex 9: Nuclear Reactors in the Wo
Page 237 and 238:
Country/Reactors Units MWe (net) Co
Page 239 and 240:
15 Delayed again. A further delay o
Page 241:
38 Delayed several times. This esti
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