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there is an undeniable possibility that reproductive rates lowered and life expectancy shortened in some species in certain areas. 307 Another study demonstrates that the closer the area is to the Fukushima nuclear power plant, the lower the number of habitats and species of invertebrate organisms. 308 The government has set two decontamination goals: 1. To incrementally reduce the size of the areas, but as soon as possible, with levels at 20 mSv/year or higher; 2. Reduce the exposure dose rate to 1 mSv/year or less over a long-term period for the areas with levels at less than 20 mSv/year. 309 Decontamination work in the designated areas to be decontaminated under the direct control of the government was completed in six municipalities among the 11 designated municipalities within Fukushima Prefecture and the plan is to finish decontamination in the remaining municipalities by the end of FY2016 310 However, little progress has been made in the decontamination activities implemented by each local government for the wider area that covers seven prefectures including Fukushima 311 . As for the rates of progress made in the decontamination activities for the entire Fukushima Prefecture, 80 percent of houses, 5 percent of roads, and 70 percent of the forests in areas, where daily activities are conducted, have been decontaminated. 312 However, it should be pointed out that by “forest” is meant in general a small band around houses and roads, rather the actual dense forests, that cannot be decontaminated at all. In December 2015, the Ministry of Environment announced that they will not decontaminate areas more than 20 km away from daily-activities areas in Fukushima Prefecture. 313 However, as a result of local opposition, the ministry changed the policy to carrying out decontamination in satoyama areas—border zones of agricultural land and forested land traditionally regarded as one area—where people may enter easily. 314 307 Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, “MOE’s research on the effects of radiation on wild fauna and flora Biodiversity Policy Division”, Research report meeting on radiation effects on wild animals and plants, 19 February 2016, (in Japanese), see http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/monitoring/results_wl_d160219.pdf, accessed 12 April 2016. 308 Toshihiro Horiguchi et al., “Decline in intertidal biota after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami and the Fukushima nuclear disaster: field observations”, Scientific Reports, see http://www.nature.com/articles/srep20416, accessed 12 April 2016. 309 Ministry of Environment, “Outline of the Implementation of the Act on Special Measures”, see http://josen.env.go.jp/en/framework/, accessed 21 May 2016. 310 Ministry of the Environment, “Progress map of decontamination activities implemented under the direct control of the government”, 4 March 2016, (in Japanese), see http://josen.env.go.jp/material/pdf/josen_gareki_progress_201603.pdf, accessed 12 April 2016. 311 Ministry of the Environment, “Progress made in areas being decontaminated by municipalities”, (in Japanese), see http://josen.env.go.jp/zone/index.html, accessed 12 April 2016. 312 Ibidem. 313 Environmental recovery review meeting, “Direction of radioactive materials management measures for forests (draft)”, 21 December 2015, (in Japanese), see http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/rmp/conf/16/mat05.pdf, accessed 12 April 2016. 314 Project team of relevant ministries and agencies for recovering forests and the forest industry in Fukushima, “Comprehensive approach for recovering forests and the forest industry in Fukushima”, 9 March 2016, (in Japanese), see http://www.reconstruction.go.jp/topics/main-cat1/sub-cat1- 4/forest/160309_3_siryou1.pdf, accessed 12 April 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 97 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
Costs 315 TEPCO continues to pay compensation for damages caused by the Fukushima accident. Legally required compensation costs have been increasing and the total reached about 7.1 trillion yen (US$71 billion) as of the end of March 2016. Table 9 shows the legally required compensation costs and the amount of agreed-upon compensation payments that had been paid as of March 2016. Table 9 : Compensation Costs Completed agreed-upon compensation payments [US$ 1 million] [1] Legally required compensation costs [US$ 1 million] [2] I. Amounts concerning individuals 18,674 21,203 Medical examination costs, etc. 2,383 3,235 Psychological damage 10,164 11,441 Voluntary evacuation, etc. 3,628 3,681 Incapacity damage 2,498 2,844 II. Amounts concerning corporations and sole proprietorships Loss of business, damage and reputational damage caused by shipping restriction orders One-time compensation (Loss of business, reputational damage) 23,152 25,631 19,601 20,554 909 2,383 Indirect damage, etc. 2,639 2,693 III. Common or other costs 13,547 17,577 Loss or decrease in property value, etc. 11,575 12,612 Damages concerning residence at evacuated destination or upon returning 1,721 4,715 Fukushima citizens health management fund 250 250 IV. Decontamination, etc. 3,900 12,173 Total 59,275 76,585 [1] As of the end of February 2016 [2] As of the end of March 2016 Source: TEPCO, “New Comprehensive Special Business Plan”, 31 March 2016. 315 TEPCO, “New Comprehensive Special Business Plan”, 31 March 2016, (in Japanese), see http://www.meti.go.jp/press/2015/03/20160331005/20160331005-1.pdf, accessed 12 April 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 98 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
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A MYCLE SCHNEIDER CONSULTING PROJEC
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project coordin
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EBRD Chernobyl Decommissioning/Spen
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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Nuclear
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Foreword by Tomas Kåberger 1 The W
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Executive Summary and Conclusions K
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WNISR classifies 36 Japanese reacto
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AREVA Debacle (new episode). The Fr
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Fukushima Prefecture, 70 percent of
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Introduction A major accident, like
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the past two decades, nuclear power
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There were three exceptions in 2015
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In the first half of 2016, three re
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The current world fleet has a total
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However, many of those projects (48
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Table 2: Reactor Construction Times
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Figure 11: Construction Starts in t
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large-scale new-build. Having asses
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Figure 15: Age Distribution of 164
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timeframe are highly unlikely given
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The IAEA says that, “seven countr
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for four units equaled approximatel
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Over the past year, the design sele
Page 47 and 48: In Turkey, up to three projects are
Page 49 and 50: electricity generating company (EÜ
Page 51 and 52: However, Rosatom highlighted the
Page 53 and 54: eportedly considering “suspending
Page 55 and 56: start in 2020 and commercial operat
Page 57 and 58: floating reactors. 160 There is als
Page 59 and 60: nonetheless suggested that the proj
Page 61 and 62: Nuclear Finances: Corporate Meltdow
Page 63 and 64: in the U.S. in 2013 from US$5/MBTU
Page 65 and 66: decides not to proceed with Hinkley
Page 67 and 68: market capital for renewable energy
Page 69 and 70: apply across the whole European mar
Page 71 and 72: Supervision and Administration Comm
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Page 75 and 76: Conclusion on Corporate Finances Th
Page 77 and 78: Sequence and Origin of the Accident
Page 79 and 80: a source of carbon dioxide to smoth
Page 81 and 82: Figure 29: Cumulative I-131 Concent
Page 83 and 84: In total, TORCH-2016 (The Other Rep
Page 85 and 86: in Lithuania, Kozloduy units 1 to 4
Page 87 and 88: The ISF-2 has been completed, pre-c
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Page 91 and 92: around 4.4 m 3 /hour. 270 Therefore
Page 93 and 94: Current status of workers The gover
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Page 97: (Full-scale Thyroid Screening Progr
Page 101 and 102: contamination. In all parameters li
Page 103 and 104: However, the average thyroid dose i
Page 105 and 106: • The Global Energy Assessment 20
Page 107 and 108: decisions for the construction of n
Page 109 and 110: consecutive year, making up about 7
Page 111 and 112: US$43 billion and wind power was US
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39: Changes in EU Nuclear, S
Page 115 and 116: hydro renewables power generation a
Page 117 and 118: Annexes Annex 1: Overview by Region
Page 119 and 120: The November 2013 edition of the In
Page 121 and 122: its rated power 374 and until 26 Ma
Page 123 and 124: ebuilding its Gentilly-2 nuclear at
Page 125 and 126: LTEP, released in December 2013, co
Page 127 and 128: The U.S. reactor fleet provided 798
Page 129 and 130: units had received a license extens
Page 131 and 132: the capacity market auctions, the p
Page 133 and 134: subsidies already. First, Illinois
Page 135 and 136: Conservation (DEC) to deny the plan
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Page 139 and 140: Pending Combined Operating License
Page 141 and 142: traditionally been sited, but also
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Page 145 and 146: geographically the nuclear plant th
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work on site in India for six AP100
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in regulatory safety inspections re
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2010 Strategic Energy Plan, which h
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The options for how such targets wo
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seismic fault line at the site. The
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The IRRS team concluded that the NR
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meeting the new regulatory guidelin
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declared for the reactor and while
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However, observers saw a “dramati
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Despite the government’s commitme
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end of March 2014, unit 1 of Lungme
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after its license had expired, but
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The following section provides a sh
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espectively over one month and two
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On 22 December 2015, FANC authorize
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In parallel, Fortum Power has been
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levels. It now looks plausible that
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The Hinkley Point C Saga - A French
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esulting in a loss of market share,
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for lifetime extensions, before 3/1
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and coal-fired generation fell back
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announced in April 2004 that his go
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nuclear energy, in the form of dire
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for the £16 billion (US$30 billion
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to begin operating in 2024. 829 How
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2019. 839 In December 2015, BKW off
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assist in financing. 851 Westinghou
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Hungary has only one nuclear power
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concluded that when making assumpti
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in 2012 and 2013. 893 However, the
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of the MNPP [Medzamor Nuclear Power
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eactors at the site has been put ba
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Ukraine has 15 operating reactors,
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Annex 2: Japanese Nuclear Reactor S
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Comments WNISR considers that the 1
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Notes: Top: Air dose at 1 m height
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Annex 5: Status of Lifetime Extensi
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Plant Grid Connection Extension App
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Tomas Kåberger has a MSc in Engine
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Annex 7: Abbreviations ABWR AEA AEC
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GPSC GUE/NGL GWEC IAEA IANS IAS ICC
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PLEC PLEX PPA PRIS PV PWR PXE RAPS-
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Annex 8: Status of Nuclear Power in
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Annex 9: Nuclear Reactors in the Wo
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Country/Reactors Units MWe (net) Co
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15 Delayed again. A further delay o
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38 Delayed several times. This esti
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