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has happened. In January 2016, Taishan-1 underwent its cold functional test, 503 a pre-operational stage that is carried out before any fuel is loaded on the reactor. As of March of this year, China General Nuclear (CGN) officials were projecting that Taishan-1 will start up next year. 504 However, there are additional uncertainties over the safety of the reactor pressure vessels, which are subject to the same carbon content issue as the French Flamanville EPR that do not meet technical specifications (see France Focus). Media reports suggest that there are differences of opinion between French engineers working on the EPR construction in Flamanville in France and CGN officials with the former arguing that the Taishan reactors will only come online in 2018, and the latter pushing for a 2017 start date for both units. CGN’s chief executive officer is quoted as saying that “while France suspended work on the nuclear technology to renew the technical standards, it was not reasonable to measure the old units by new standards”. 505 In the case of the four AP1000 reactors, the main source of problems, although not the only one, has been the reactor coolant pumps (RCPs) that were supplied by US manufacturer Curtiss-Wright Corporation. Problems with RCPs could have serious safety consequences and Chinese nuclear officials have expressed concern in the past about these problems. In 2013, for example, Yulun Li, former vice-minister for nuclear energy and former vice-president of CNNC complained to South China Morning Post: “Our state leaders have put a high priority on [nuclear safety] but companies executing projects do not seem to have the same level of understanding”. 506 After a long series of delays (see previous WNISRs), the first two of four RCPs for unit 1 of the Sanmen plant arrived at the construction site on 30 December 2015. 507 According to Sun Qin, the chairman of the China National Nuclear Corporation, “if everything goes smoothly, the first unit will go into operation in June 2017, and the second unit at the end of 2017”. 508 That is four years after the reactors were supposed to have come online. The poor experience at Sanmen and Haiyang did not stop Westinghouse Chief Executive Officer Daniel Roderick from claiming: “The AP1000 is going to be able to compete against anybody or anything... The next wave of AP1000s will be built between 36 and 40 months”. 509 Roderick offered this confident assessment as part of an effort to get China to buy more AP1000 units, but prospects for this seem to be dim. An article published by the Chinese Nuclear Energy Society written by a retired CNNC official suggested “that the State Council should approve future AP1000 503 CGN, “Taishan Unit 1 CFT Completed Successfully”, Press Release, 28 January 2016, see http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1017152/n1017227/c1235676/content.html, accessed 25 May 2016. 504 Phil Chaffee, “EDF Faces British Frustrations on Hinkley”, NIW, 24 March 2016. 505 Celia Chen, “CGN Power says Taishan nuclear reactors pose no safety risks,” South China Morning Post, 30 May 2016, see http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1959199/cgn-power-says-taishannuclear-reactors-pose-no-safety-risks, accessed 16 June 2016. 506 South China Morning Post, “China nuclear plant delay raises safety concern”, 7 October 2013, see http://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1325973/china-nuclear-plant-delay-raises-safetyconcern, accessed 17 June 2016. 507 WNN, “Final module installed at Sanmen 2”, 4 January 2016, see http://www.world-nuclearnews.org/NN-Final-module-installed-at-Sanmen-2-0401165.html, accessed 1 July 2016. 508 David Stanway, Kathy Chen, “China’s debut Westinghouse reactor delayed until June 2017: exec”, Reuters, 9 March 2016, see http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-nuclear-idUSKCN0WB09F, accessed 1 July 2016. 509 Stephen Stapczynski, “Westinghouse Races China for $1 Trillion Nuclear Power Prize”, Bloomberg, 9 December 2015, see http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-09/westinghouse-races-china-for- 1-trillion-nuclear-power-prize, accessed 1 July 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 141 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
projects only after Sanmen-1 ‘successfully completes the first fuel reload’ and is hooked to the grid.” 510 Efforts by Westinghouse to paint the delays at Sanmen and Haiyang as due to first-of-a-kind challenges has come under question due to the pattern of cost and time overruns at the follow-on AP1000 units being constructed in the United States. 511 As Lin Boqiang, director at the China Center for Energy Economics Research at Xiamen University told Bloomberg News: “The only way Westinghouse can win contracts in China is to demonstrate they can build reactors quicker and cheaper than anyone else in China’s market and win hearts with actions, not words…Westinghouse so far hasn’t demonstrated such abilities”. 512 The Sanmen project is also the likely cause of the resignation of more than half a dozen executives and board members, including the CEO, from Toshiba Corporation. 513 An investigation into accounting practices at the company revealed that it had under-booked losses at a Westinghouse project (whose name was not revealed but a comparison of the construction start and projected generation start dates matches that of Sanmen). Specifically, the budget overruns of US$385 million and US$401 million during the second and third quarters of 2013 were booked by Toshiba at US$69 million and US$293 million respectively. The CAP1400 design, a larger capacity version of the AP1000, is still not complete and there remain significant questions about its future. Construction of the first reactor with this design has been delayed and in May 2016, a member of the Expert Committee of China’s State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation revealed that “the detailed design can only support 12 months of continuous construction” after first pour of concrete. 514 In other words, the design is not yet ready for construction. One factor that has held up the finalization of the CAP1400 design is the reactor cooling pump, the same problem that has afflicted the parent AP1000 design. 515 Reportedly, the decision over whether the CAP1400 will be exclusively for exports also “is in flux”. 516 Meanwhile, CGN and CNNC started developing their own Generation-III designs. In November 2011, CGN announced that it had developed and held “full intellectual property rights”—a key requirement for exports—over the newly designed ACPR1000, a reactor, which it stated had incorporated the lessons of Fukushima in “meeting the standards of international third-generation nuclear power technology” 517 . A few months later, at the 3 rd Asia Nuclear Power Summit in January 2012, CNNC unveiled its own ACP1000 reactor 518 . Subsequently, after being 510 C. F. Yu, “Nine Projects Top Priority List”, NIW, 6 May 2016. 511 Anya Litvak, “Toshiba downplayed Westinghouse losses”, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 28 July 2015, see http://powersource.post-gazette.com/powersource/companies/2015/07/28/Toshiba-downplayed- Westinghouse-cost-overruns/stories/201507280057, accessed 16 June 2016. 512 Stephen Stapczynski, “Westinghouse Races China for $1 Trillion Nuclear Power Prize”, Bloomberg, 9 December 2015, see http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-09/westinghouse-races-china-for- 1-trillion-nuclear-power-prize, accessed 1 July 2016. 513 Anya Litvak, “Toshiba downplayed Westinghouse losses”, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 28 July 2015. 514 NIW, “Weekly Roundup”, 20 May 2016. 515 C. F. Yu, “Nine Projects Top Priority List”, NIW, 6 May 2016. 516 NIW, “Weekly Roundup”, 20 May 2016. 517 People’s Daily Online, “China rolls out new homegrown nuclear reactor”, 18 November 2011. 518 Yun Zhou, “China’s Nuclear Energy Industry, One Year After Fukushima”, Technology&Policy, 5 March 2012, see http://www.technologyandpolicy.org/2012/03/05/chinas-nuclear-energy-industry-oneyear-after-fukushima/#.VRBnnSk-Dw4, accessed 16 June 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 142 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
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A MYCLE SCHNEIDER CONSULTING PROJEC
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project coordin
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EBRD Chernobyl Decommissioning/Spen
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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Nuclear
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Foreword by Tomas Kåberger 1 The W
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Executive Summary and Conclusions K
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WNISR classifies 36 Japanese reacto
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AREVA Debacle (new episode). The Fr
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Fukushima Prefecture, 70 percent of
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Introduction A major accident, like
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the past two decades, nuclear power
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There were three exceptions in 2015
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In the first half of 2016, three re
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The current world fleet has a total
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However, many of those projects (48
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Table 2: Reactor Construction Times
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Figure 11: Construction Starts in t
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large-scale new-build. Having asses
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Figure 15: Age Distribution of 164
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timeframe are highly unlikely given
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The IAEA says that, “seven countr
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for four units equaled approximatel
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Over the past year, the design sele
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In Turkey, up to three projects are
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electricity generating company (EÜ
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However, Rosatom highlighted the
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eportedly considering “suspending
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start in 2020 and commercial operat
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floating reactors. 160 There is als
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nonetheless suggested that the proj
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Nuclear Finances: Corporate Meltdow
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in the U.S. in 2013 from US$5/MBTU
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decides not to proceed with Hinkley
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market capital for renewable energy
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apply across the whole European mar
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Supervision and Administration Comm
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export market to countries such as
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Conclusion on Corporate Finances Th
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Sequence and Origin of the Accident
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a source of carbon dioxide to smoth
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Figure 29: Cumulative I-131 Concent
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In total, TORCH-2016 (The Other Rep
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in Lithuania, Kozloduy units 1 to 4
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The ISF-2 has been completed, pre-c
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emove the fuel-containing masses (c
Page 91 and 92: around 4.4 m 3 /hour. 270 Therefore
Page 93 and 94: Current status of workers The gover
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Page 97 and 98: (Full-scale Thyroid Screening Progr
Page 99 and 100: Costs 315 TEPCO continues to pay co
Page 101 and 102: contamination. In all parameters li
Page 103 and 104: However, the average thyroid dose i
Page 105 and 106: • The Global Energy Assessment 20
Page 107 and 108: decisions for the construction of n
Page 109 and 110: consecutive year, making up about 7
Page 111 and 112: US$43 billion and wind power was US
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39: Changes in EU Nuclear, S
Page 115 and 116: hydro renewables power generation a
Page 117 and 118: Annexes Annex 1: Overview by Region
Page 119 and 120: The November 2013 edition of the In
Page 121 and 122: its rated power 374 and until 26 Ma
Page 123 and 124: ebuilding its Gentilly-2 nuclear at
Page 125 and 126: LTEP, released in December 2013, co
Page 127 and 128: The U.S. reactor fleet provided 798
Page 129 and 130: units had received a license extens
Page 131 and 132: the capacity market auctions, the p
Page 133 and 134: subsidies already. First, Illinois
Page 135 and 136: Conservation (DEC) to deny the plan
Page 137 and 138: & 2 in Illinois, Pilgrim in Massach
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Page 141: traditionally been sited, but also
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Page 147 and 148: (US$6.6 billion), 546 to as low as
Page 149 and 150: work on site in India for six AP100
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Page 153 and 154: 2010 Strategic Energy Plan, which h
Page 155 and 156: The options for how such targets wo
Page 157 and 158: seismic fault line at the site. The
Page 159 and 160: The IRRS team concluded that the NR
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Page 163 and 164: declared for the reactor and while
Page 165 and 166: However, observers saw a “dramati
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Page 169 and 170: end of March 2014, unit 1 of Lungme
Page 171 and 172: after its license had expired, but
Page 173 and 174: The following section provides a sh
Page 175 and 176: espectively over one month and two
Page 177 and 178: On 22 December 2015, FANC authorize
Page 179 and 180: In parallel, Fortum Power has been
Page 181 and 182: levels. It now looks plausible that
Page 183 and 184: The Hinkley Point C Saga - A French
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Page 187 and 188: for lifetime extensions, before 3/1
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nuclear energy, in the form of dire
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for the £16 billion (US$30 billion
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to begin operating in 2024. 829 How
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2019. 839 In December 2015, BKW off
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assist in financing. 851 Westinghou
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Hungary has only one nuclear power
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concluded that when making assumpti
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in 2012 and 2013. 893 However, the
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of the MNPP [Medzamor Nuclear Power
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eactors at the site has been put ba
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Ukraine has 15 operating reactors,
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Annex 2: Japanese Nuclear Reactor S
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Comments WNISR considers that the 1
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Notes: Top: Air dose at 1 m height
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Annex 5: Status of Lifetime Extensi
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Plant Grid Connection Extension App
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Tomas Kåberger has a MSc in Engine
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Annex 7: Abbreviations ABWR AEA AEC
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GPSC GUE/NGL GWEC IAEA IANS IAS ICC
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PLEC PLEX PPA PRIS PV PWR PXE RAPS-
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Annex 8: Status of Nuclear Power in
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Annex 9: Nuclear Reactors in the Wo
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Country/Reactors Units MWe (net) Co
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15 Delayed again. A further delay o
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38 Delayed several times. This esti
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