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uses both TCP and UDP for service delivery. TCP port 53 is used for server-to-server data transfers. The data consists of the forward (hostname to IP address) and reverse (IP address to hostname) translation files. Name requests are performed using UDP. RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP In order for a host to exchange data with other hosts, each host must have its own distinct IP address. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is the simplest way to provide IP addresses to hosts. The server listens to broadcasts sent across the Ethernet segment. If it receives a broadcast from a host with an Ethernet address that it knows, it responds to the broadcast with the IP address of the requesting host. This is great if all that's needed is an IP address, and if the host and server are on the same Ethernet segment. RARP's functional shortcomings leave it little place in today's networks. BOOTP, on the other hand, picks up where RARP leaves off. BOOTP uses IP to provide IP configuration and boot service, hence the name BOOTP, for bootstrapping protocol. The requesting host sends a BOOTP request, which is either answered by a BOOTP server that has a configuration for the requesting station, or the request is relayed to a BOOTP server on another Ethernet segment that contains the host configuration information. The BOOTP server runs as a UDP service on port 68. Although there is no interactive authentication, hosts must be configured in the BOOTP server database and have corresponding BOOTP images in the TFTP server for the BOOTP service to work. After the configuration information has been transferred to the host, the BOOTP server then directs the host to the TFTP server where the actual boot file resides. This boot file is then downloaded through TFTP and used to boot the host. BOOTP provides more services than RARP, so the two cannot be compared directly. BOOTP's capability to provide all the network configuration information (default gateway, DNS servers, and so on), its capability to boot the host from a remote server, and its capability to have service requests relayed across separate Ethernet cable segments make BOOTP more versatile than RARP. In terms of providing IP addresses to hosts, BOOTP is a better choice because it uses IP and does not have the direct hardware access requirement RARP has. BOOTP does not work well in environments that are constantly changing (in other words, lots of laptops) and where configuration information needs to be changed on a constant basis. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides IP host configuration services dynamically with no host configuration requirements. To use DHCP, the host's IP implementation must support configuration by DHCP. As with BOOTP, the host makes a DHCP broadcast request and the DHCP server replies with configuration
information. DHCP is different from BOOTP in that the configuration information provided to the host is only temporary. DHCP provides addresses to hosts in the form of leases. These leases have limited life spans that are set by the server administrator. This way, IP addresses are recycled as systems come on and leave the network. The DHCP server operates on UDP port 68 and, like BOOTP, operates on an unauthenticated client/server process. NOTE BOOTP needs to be supported by the host device. The IP address can be entered in the host's boot flash, either obtained through RARP or by using an IP broadcast (255.255.255.255) and the Ethernet address (like RARP) to map the address. RFCs Requests for Comments (RFCs) are the building blocks of the Internet. All the protocols, applications, and standard operating procedures (SOPs) start as RFCs. These comment documents are then taken by various standards bodies and individuals and reviewed, implemented, and eventually published as standards. The RFC process is the cornerstone of the open systems approach. The following is a list of RFCs relevant to the topics covered in this chapter. A good online resource for RFCs is http://www.it.kth.se/docs/rfc/. RFC 7 Internet Protocol RFC 768 User Datagram Protocol RFC 791 Internet Protocol RFC 792 Internet Control Message Protocol RFC 793 Transmission Control Protocol RFC 821 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol RFC 826 Subnet Access Protocol ARP for 802.x networks RFC 903 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) RFC 917 Internet subnets RFC 919 Broadcasting Internet datagrams RFC 919 Internet Protocol RFC 922 Broadcasting Internet datagrams in the presence of subnets RFC 922 Internet Protocol RFC 932 Subnetwork addressing scheme RFC 947 Multinetwork broadcasting within the Internet RFC 950 Internet Protocol RFC 950 Internet standard subnetting procedure
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Understanding the Network A Practic
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IOS Authentication and Accounting S
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About the Reviewers These reviewers
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Tell Us What You Think As the reade
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mostly dealt with interconnecting m
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• A short introduction to SNMP Ap
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In theory, a computer network can o
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Coaxial cable has a single solid co
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• Radio transmission—It is achi
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• Baseband transmission applies t
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Ring Topology Figure 1.3. The bus t
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Packets and frames are often used a
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Asynchronous transmission involves
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Figure 1.6. Collision handling unde
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In a ring topology, a token is pass
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Repeaters The repeater was introduc
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the network. If your 50-node networ
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Figure 1.12. A collection of nodes
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their destination, type, and conten
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shop, you are using Novell's Direct
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Figure 1.14. The OSI and Internet r
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Layer 7: Application This layer pro
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end-to-end, sequenced data delivery
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outer, the delivery path might be d
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and network transport is a very imp
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Figure 1.16. The "bottom up" commun
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Chapter 2. The Networker's Guide to
Page 56 and 57: Internet Society, a nonprofit organ
Page 58 and 59: • First, it performs translations
Page 60 and 61: Figure 2.2. The IP header. • Vers
Page 62 and 63: To assist in the reassembly process
Page 64 and 65: Figure 2.3. IP address classes comp
Page 66 and 67: taking the natural mask of the addr
Page 68 and 69: Classful Subnetting Examples The im
Page 70 and 71: 21 2,000 8,000 255.255.248.0 22 1,0
Page 72 and 73: classful-based address space model.
Page 74 and 75: Table 2.6. Classless Network Addres
Page 76 and 77: NOTE Because CIDR is used for addre
Page 78 and 79: will connect in the future, it is b
Page 80 and 81: Routers are also called intermediat
Page 82 and 83: IP datagrams for which the local ho
Page 84 and 85: 1. The Layer 3 to Layer 2 address m
Page 86 and 87: 3. Router B—Router B receives the
Page 88 and 89: connected networks. Figure 2.11 ill
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2.12. A simple regional (ISP
Page 92 and 93: gw1, gw2, gw4 3 gw1, gw3, gw4 3 gw1
Page 94 and 95: Dynamic routing might not be requir
Page 96 and 97: The transport layer as a whole repr
Page 98 and 99: window to reflect changes in the pa
Page 100 and 101: The TCP Header The TCP header provi
Page 102 and 103: 53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 67 BOO
Page 104 and 105: SNMP Simple Network Management Prot
Page 108 and 109: RFC 974 Mail routing and the domain
Page 110 and 111: Figure 3.1. Physical versus logical
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3.2. The AppleTalk protocol
Page 114 and 115: AppleTalk Address Resolution Protoc
Page 116 and 117: of 400 microseconds, in addition to
Page 118 and 119: Along with the SAP, there is a 5-by
Page 120 and 121: delivery is a best-effort delivery
Page 122 and 123: • DDP checksum (long header only)
Page 124 and 125: eachable within the internetwork. T
Page 126 and 127: information from the router's other
Page 129 and 130: AppleTalk Update Based Routing Prot
Page 131 and 132: • type is the service classificat
Page 133 and 134: application layers. AppleTalk has n
Page 135 and 136: Figure 3.10. ZIP message formats. E
Page 137 and 138: Printer Access Protocol Printer Acc
Page 139 and 140: Figure 3.11. Novell (IPX) protocol
Page 141 and 142: The other nodes on the network that
Page 143 and 144: Figure 3.13. IPX datagram format.
Page 145 and 146: the cumulative information gleaned
Page 147 and 148: • Hop Count is the number of rout
Page 149 and 150: Upper Layer Protocols IPX is used t
Page 151 and 152: Msg.Add.Name Adds a unique name to
Page 153 and 154: Related RFCs RFC 1001 RFC 1002 RFC
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Figure 4.1. The LLC interfaces in r
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it does not provide for error recov
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and smooth pattern flow enables MTL
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cabling, backbone length 800m Categ
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combination of light refraction and
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NOTE Cladding is the glass "shell"
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Ethernet The original Ethernet prot
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UTP telephone cabling infrastructur
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Since the introduction of the IEEE
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In the event that two Ethernet end-
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The 802.3 frame type used in Figure
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• Frame check sequence (4 bytes)
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• Physical layer signaling (PLS)
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cable segment length (for coaxial s
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transmission medium using BNC (Brit
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Figure 4.12. A basic 3-cable 10Base
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Figure 4.14. 10Base-T hub-to-hub in
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Figure 4.16. 10Base-T in a consulta
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• Support for full-duplex operati
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mechanisms, in terms of encoding an
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etween different PHY encoding imple
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100Base Ethernet) is based on the p
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The Gigabit PHY The Gigabit PHY con
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CSMA/CD is sensitive to operating r
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The main advantage of using FDR ove
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have to transmit against the priori
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• Ring timing maintenance—The A
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check the lobe cable. If the lobe t
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Token Ring addresses are expressed
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• Report Active Monitor Error (RA
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they first join the ring or in the
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Figure 4.22. The IBM type 1 MIC con
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FDDI Work on the Fiber Distributed
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However, all this comes at a cost,
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Figure 4.25. FDDI MAC data frame an
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topologies needed for the transmiss
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Chapter 5. WAN Internetworking Tech
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Placing a Call The functional model
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LATAs to provide local exchange ser
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The PSTN was originally designed fo
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sampling rate is 8,000 times per se
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Figure 5.1. A multiplexer from a lo
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Table 5.1. The American (DS) and In
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The M24/D4 frame standard is the ba
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contains consecutive ones and zeros
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• Line loopback/line build-out (L
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process. The T3 multiplexer adds st
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committee. The committee provided t
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The photonic layer defines the elec
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such as T1/E1, FDDI, and others. Th
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SS7 signaling components are connec
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SCCP operates as an OSI-RM Layer 3.
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WAN point-to-point links. It can be
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Figure 5.11. The ISDN protocol refe
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• The R interface acts as a point
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• Flag—This is an 8-bit (011111
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terminals attached to the ISDN swit
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X.25 networks are comprised of four
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Frame Relay, like the ISDN effort i
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• Flag—This functions as a fram
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Figure 5.17. the B-ISDN reference m
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environments is implemented using A
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endpoints. A Virtual Path Link (VPL
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ATM endpoints. The user adaptation
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1. The ATM end-device issues a setu
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Data-Link Framing Point-to-point de
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PPP PPP can provide multiprotocol d
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PPP Framing There are three HDLC fr
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• The HDLC and PPP data-link prot
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Chapter 6. Network Switches In this
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Figure 6.1. Partial and full mesh m
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protocol. Figure 6.3 illustrates th
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All hosts can see the traffic that
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To get a better understanding of th
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Figure 6.5. A bridged LAN with span
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support a path discovery method. So
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or performance limitations, network
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network data encryption, WAN reacha
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The Impact of Switching on Traditio
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• Switch backplane—Also referre
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Switch Port Flow Control In full-du
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In the event that the primary trunk
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Figure 6.9. Layer 2 collision domai
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Figure 6.10. Multiport repeaters an
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Figure 6.11. Distributed and collap
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utilization performance. To calcula
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Ideally, the goal of all switch and
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Cut-through uses the same technolog
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VLANs A switch that supports VLAN p
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MAC Address-Based VLANs Another com
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Figure 6.13. Switches running indep
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The configuration layer uses the Ge
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Layer 2 infrastructures to operate
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need. This method not only allocate
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transmitting and receiving. Without
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ATM-specific applications would be
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ATM private-class switches are comp
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Because both the VPI and VCI are us
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environment. The goal is to have La
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Broadcast and Unknown Server The Br
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Figure 6.15. An LEC and its VCC rel
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ATM hosts are accomplished by estab
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• VLANs • Full-duplex switch po
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Chapter 7. Introduction to Cisco Ro
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The 4000 series routers come in a t
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series routers, this partition can
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need to crimp the CAT 5 strands fol
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Use the cable set to build the cabl
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Step 2. This command specifies whic
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AppleTalk FDDI IPX Token Ring VINES
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The IOS Command Line and Configurat
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disconnect Disconnect an existing n
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changes (user to privileged, for ex
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• Router(config)#hostname test-ro
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or • On 7x00 only, use: • •
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Null Null interface Tunnel Tunnel i
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Router(config)#ip rou? route routin
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Ctrl+P, up arrow Previous command i
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mop Copy from a MOP server (not ava
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Now let's see what is on the PCMCIA
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When copying any file, unless no pr
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Ethernet LANs with a dedicated T1 c
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Compiled Fri 03-Apr-98 07:00 by rna
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172.16.2.0 /25 172.16.2.128 /26 or
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Ridge-GW(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0
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In addition to their native protoco
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D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O -
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Configuring Dumb Terminal Service T
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Ctrl+Shift+6+X suspends a session).
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cornpops|Printer on Cisco termserve
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Concord-GW(config-if)#flowcontrol h
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The AUX port configuration for Ridg
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outer and enter the break sequence
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Setting the conf-reg Value in ROM M
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• Register setting 0x2010—Confi
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8. 9. Router#configure terminal 10.
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Router#config t Enter configuration
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-#- ED --type----crc--- -seek--nlen
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to xmodem or TFTP (2600 only) an IO
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Mountain Standard Time (MST) -7 Pac
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eference time is BB0FC7AA.95E93186
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in production for a little while. T
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use debug mode often. When using th
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uucp UNIX-to-UNIX copy system IOS a
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Log Management Logs are useless unl
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IOS Authentication and Accounting I
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hostnames (which can be corrected w
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$telnet 192.160.56.5 Trying 192.160
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In this example, the authentication
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makes it easier to configure, becau
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define what authentication type sho
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Caution should be taken when using
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pairs (similar to those used to cre
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• Using rommon and disaster recov
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In the following section, we review
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Deciding to Use a Routing Protocol
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Now, here is the qualifier: Not eve
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If RIP was the routing protocol for
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Distance Vector Protocols All routi
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space) based on a power of 2. Class
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address space), but you would run i
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destination address that falls with
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the different IP address spaces int
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Weaknesses of Static Routing Static
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Today, RIP is considered by some to
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RIP 192.124.32.0 /24 192.124.35.1 3
Page 491 and 492:
All routers on the network keep tra
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RIP's Value Today RIP is old, it's
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• Better reliability—OSPF route
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Figure 8.10. Single- and multi-area
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• Internal routers—These router
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to the backbone. In Figure 8.13, al
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Figure 8.14. OSPF router designatio
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oundary routers. They describe netw
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outer's point of view. The path con
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Autonomous Systems and Exterior Rou
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Figure 8.16. The IGP to ERP handoff
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Figure 8.17. The BGP finite state m
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EGPs have been increasing in popula
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Chapter 9. Advanced Cisco Router Co
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specified ACL number range. Table 9
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default, all traffic is denied. Onl
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asbr-a2#config t Enter configuratio
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trying to build ACLs with the comma
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trace Multicast trace IGMP log Log
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Tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol
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access-list 100 permit tcp any 172.
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Table 9.5. AppleTalk ACL Filtering
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Figure 9.1. The AnyCo corporate App
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One word of caution: If you plan to
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You can also log hits on ports by a
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Table 9.8. Route-Map Operators for
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exists, a group identifier (which c
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hegel# With this configuration, bec
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NAT is commonly used in a fashion s
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The [prefix-length] or [netmask] se
Page 552 and 553:
NAT's Shortcomings Although NAT is
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NOTE Administrators beware: Tunneli
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connects, the active key informatio
Page 558 and 559:
encapsulation, framing, and line si
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asbr-a2(config-if)#ip address 172.1
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problem if you are provisioning ISD
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22:41:34: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
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POP mail request is made. Now let's
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leibniz(config-if)#backup interface
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When the primary link fails, the BR
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1.544Mbps. The actual transport lin
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the cost-effective and bandwidth-ef
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interface configuration subcommand
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it is possible to exchange packets
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interface serial0.2 point-to-point
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Figure 9.6. A multipoint FR example
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2. ATM encapsulation must be enable
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are commonly used in large-scale cl
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persephone(config)#interface atm 3/
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• The creation and application of
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Chapter 10. Configuring IP Routing
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After you have a list of requiremen
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Control commands: Displaying
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not active, it is quite common for
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Incoming update filter list for all
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When changing any IP routing behavi
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asbr-a1(config-if)#^Z asbr-a1# When
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For asbr-a2 to reach all the testne
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192.168.160.0/30 is subnetted, 1 su
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order to maintain computability wit
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Configuring Dynamic IGP and EGP IP
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passive-interface s1 By enabling th
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asbr-a1(config-router)#network 12.0
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To verify that the adjusted route m
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The command is a general routing p
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EIGRP, as I'm sure you have guessed
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No matter how the announcement entr
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Incoming update filter list for all
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is adjustable using the router con
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• IOS also supports various debu
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outers: • Backbone Routers—Thes
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process. The router would construct
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e1/1 192.168.9.0 fe0/0 192.168.0.0
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An alternative to this is to use th
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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Link State Age Interval is 00:20:00
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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to asbr-a1 was a remote office that
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interface Serial1 ip address 192.16
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which to exchange OSPF messages. Th
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OSPF Monitoring Commands Throughout
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• • • NOTE • will display
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Figure 10.4. AURP tunnel interfaces
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appletalk glean-packets hostname as
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For many users, the usefulness of B
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internal/Internet access router whe
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externally destined traffic arrives
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Routers asbr-a1/a2 and asbr-b1/b2 a
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BGP Reflectors An alternative to ha
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network 192.168.0.0 mask 255.255.25
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dynamic routing protocols are used
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Figure 10.8. An example network run
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Controlling Redistribution In some
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hostname ABR-a57 ! access-list 1 pe
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access-list 2 deny 10.0.1.0 access-
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Keep in mind that route-maps, li
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Chapter 11. Network Troubleshooting
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However, the most valuable tool of
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• Description of primary function
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of cable fault, different CSFSs are
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For Windows Systems, check out the
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command. On a Windows NT system, us
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#Do not change these variables logf
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# If any of the hosts fail to respo
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upgrade. So, when the time comes to
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throughput over time, instead of si
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protocol is the most prone to perfo
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NOTE When looking at network broadc
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NOTE Another common network error n
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and the physical ring segment that
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tolerances the frames, timing shift
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practical terms, this means that at
Page 716 and 717:
etransmissions, however, usually ha
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4. Don't get lost in the big pictur
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• Link and services monitoring, n
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eports on network utilization, avai
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o Bandwidth utilization rates o Rat
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and improved management capabilitie
Page 728 and 729:
After the supported SNMP version is
Page 730 and 731:
Table 11.3. ASN.1 Keywords Used wit
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application-wide tags, which are us
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TestSequence ::= SEQUENCE { example
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The MIB-2 and RMON-MIB modules are
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iso.identfied-orgnaization.dod.inte
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accepted values are getRequest, get
Page 742 and 743:
Spectrum is available in both UNIX
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Figure 11.8. Windows NT 4.0 SNMP Ag
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To access any of the NT SNMP agent
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The installation of the SNMP agent
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Figure 11.13. The Windows 95/98 Sel
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Figure 11.15. Locating the Windows
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Figure 11.17. The SNMP configuratio
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2. Scroll to Network Connectivity o
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sysLocation information, go to the
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example that just implements the ba
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protocol, service, and application
Page 764 and 765:
RFC 1089 RFC 1147 RFC 1155 RFC 1157
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Appendix A. Binary Conversion Table
show all

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