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AppleTalk Update Based Routing Protocol AppleTalk Update Based Routing Protocol (AURP) is not a routing protocol. Rather, it provides a means for connecting AppleTalk internetworks across TCP/IP networks. The AURP transport mechanism operates as a tunnel through which all AppleTalk protocol data is encapsulated using TCP/IP User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets as the transport and IP for delivery. AURP implementations have two parts: exterior routers and the AURP tunnel. Exterior routers (backbone routers) are the bridge routers between the AppleTalk internetwork and the AURP tunnel. The AURP tunnel is the logical conduit built on top of the local and remote IP interfaces of the exterior routers involved with the AURP exchange. Two types of AURP tunnels exist: • A single point-to-point tunnel is where all AppleTalk data is exchanged between the two internetworks. • A multipoint tunnel is where three or more AppleTalk internetworks are connected. Multipoint tunnels can be fully connected or partially connected where only some internetworks are available. AURP routing updates are adjustable and triggerable when changes in one of the connecting internetworks occur. Initially, routing and zone information tables are exchanged across the tunnel between the connected internetworks when the AURP tunnel is initialized. Updates use TCP or AURP-Tr which both provide reliable transport. This makes AURP a more efficient alternative for connecting AppleTalk internetworks as compared to traditional AppleTalk point-to-point connections. AURP also introduces the concept of AppleTalk domains. A domain identifier is associated with each internetwork connected to the tunnel. Domain identifiers can be statically or dynamically set. 64-bit domain-id/ 16-bit network address/ 8-bit node address/ 8-bit socket address
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Understanding the Network A Practic
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IOS Authentication and Accounting S
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About the Reviewers These reviewers
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Tell Us What You Think As the reade
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mostly dealt with interconnecting m
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• A short introduction to SNMP Ap
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In theory, a computer network can o
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Coaxial cable has a single solid co
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• Radio transmission—It is achi
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• Baseband transmission applies t
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Ring Topology Figure 1.3. The bus t
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Packets and frames are often used a
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Asynchronous transmission involves
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Figure 1.6. Collision handling unde
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In a ring topology, a token is pass
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Repeaters The repeater was introduc
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the network. If your 50-node networ
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Figure 1.12. A collection of nodes
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their destination, type, and conten
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shop, you are using Novell's Direct
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Figure 1.14. The OSI and Internet r
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Layer 7: Application This layer pro
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end-to-end, sequenced data delivery
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outer, the delivery path might be d
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and network transport is a very imp
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Figure 1.16. The "bottom up" commun
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Chapter 2. The Networker's Guide to
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Internet Society, a nonprofit organ
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• First, it performs translations
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Figure 2.2. The IP header. • Vers
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To assist in the reassembly process
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Figure 2.3. IP address classes comp
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taking the natural mask of the addr
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Classful Subnetting Examples The im
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21 2,000 8,000 255.255.248.0 22 1,0
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classful-based address space model.
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Table 2.6. Classless Network Addres
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NOTE Because CIDR is used for addre
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Page 80 and 81: Routers are also called intermediat
Page 82 and 83: IP datagrams for which the local ho
Page 84 and 85: 1. The Layer 3 to Layer 2 address m
Page 86 and 87: 3. Router B—Router B receives the
Page 88 and 89: connected networks. Figure 2.11 ill
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2.12. A simple regional (ISP
Page 92 and 93: gw1, gw2, gw4 3 gw1, gw3, gw4 3 gw1
Page 94 and 95: Dynamic routing might not be requir
Page 96 and 97: The transport layer as a whole repr
Page 98 and 99: window to reflect changes in the pa
Page 100 and 101: The TCP Header The TCP header provi
Page 102 and 103: 53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 67 BOO
Page 104 and 105: SNMP Simple Network Management Prot
Page 106 and 107: uses both TCP and UDP for service d
Page 108 and 109: RFC 974 Mail routing and the domain
Page 110 and 111: Figure 3.1. Physical versus logical
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3.2. The AppleTalk protocol
Page 114 and 115: AppleTalk Address Resolution Protoc
Page 116 and 117: of 400 microseconds, in addition to
Page 118 and 119: Along with the SAP, there is a 5-by
Page 120 and 121: delivery is a best-effort delivery
Page 122 and 123: • DDP checksum (long header only)
Page 124 and 125: eachable within the internetwork. T
Page 126 and 127: information from the router's other
Page 130 and 131: AURP also provides facilities for h
Page 132 and 133: interaction. Each element can be us
Page 134 and 135: Table 3.1. A Sample Zone Table Zone
Page 136 and 137: AppleTalk Data-Stream Protocol Appl
Page 138 and 139: Networked file systems were availab
Page 140 and 141: Table 3.2. IPX Encapsulation Scheme
Page 142 and 143: The network address is 32 bits in l
Page 144 and 145: • Source port a 16-bit field that
Page 146 and 147: Figure 3.15. SAP message format.
Page 148 and 149: C 899 (SNAP) Fa1/0 R 88 [02/01] via
Page 150 and 151: published in the IBM PC Network Tec
Page 152 and 153: Msg.Receive.Datagram Receives a dat
Page 154 and 155: Chapter 4. LAN Internetworking Tech
Page 156 and 157: 802.3u. The IEEE standardization pr
Page 158 and 159: value, as the source and destinatio
Page 160 and 161: There are several baseband line sig
Page 162 and 163: data communication cabling system c
Page 164 and 165: • Photons versus electrons—Fibe
Page 166 and 167: Multimode's larger size permits mul
Page 168 and 169: Figure 4.4. The FDDI-MIC, ST-type,
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4.6. 10Base-T multiport repe
Page 172 and 173: When Fast Ethernet first became a s
Page 174 and 175: the operating rate of the MAC incre
Page 176 and 177: [†] To accommodate for 1,000 Base
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• Preamble (7 bytes)—Every devi
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Figure 4.8. The SNAP and 802.3 (Nov
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A broadband MAU operates in many re
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Figure 4.10. 10Base-5 network expan
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gives it a maximum cable segment di
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Because the hub is effectively the
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Figure 4.15. A 10Base-5/10Base-T ne
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10Base-FL 10Base-FL is the IEEE sta
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This interface is only specified fo
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connectors. The 100Base-FX PMD oper
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100VG-AnyLAN operates over Category
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not a physical interface. Rather, a
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distances between 500m and 550m are
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the burst timer. When a transmittin
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cost anywhere from two to six times
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management, but also ring station c
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includes ring station insertions an
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has a minimum frame size of 22 byte
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• Beacon (BCN)—Two classificati
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Figure 4.20. 4/16 Token Ring data l
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Figure 4.21. Single and multiple MA
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o IBM Type 3 cabling, data-grade un
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Figure 4.23. FDDI backbone utilizin
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the next station. When a station ha
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• Connection management—Connect
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mirrors that redirect the light awa
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dial-on-demand synchronous and asyn
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The PSTN Hierarchy The U.S. PSTN is
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LEC-CO has interconnection trunk li
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transmission system that could redu
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Multiplexers TDM and STDM data tran
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often employed when using PSTN carr
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NOTE The "DS" abbreviation is used
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permits the entire circuit to be se
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Ordering Your T1 Today, the common
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DTE status indicators. Most integra
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standard, and it can be used for ST
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SONET/SDH Operation Although SONET
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Figure 5.8. STS and SDH base rate f
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SS7 Components The SS7 signaling sy
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Figure 5.10. SS7 reference model. T
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The problem with ISDN was its actua
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Speed Dialing Supplemental Caller I
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• Network Termination type 2 (NT2
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its for control data), and operates
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ISDN Addressing ISDN PRI and BRI ci
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The endpoint, which can be a router
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PSN networks are commonly referred
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This topology is limited to the cap
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ATM uses a connection-oriented, vir
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provided was a set of specification
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STP = Shielded Twisted Pair UTP = U
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• Minimum Cell Rate (MCR)—Defin
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The SAR footer contains two fields:
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Figure 5.20. ATM Forum-defined priv
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HDLC medium-dependent frame consist
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• LCP link connection and negotia
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Figure 5.22. PPP frame format. The
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Additional Resources Ali Syed. Digi
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LANs now use dedicated, high-speed
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Bridges do forward traffic between
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Bridging Functionality The first LA
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idge port from which the packet was
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forwarded by bridge 1), it assumes
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The root election process is won ba
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Figure 6.6. A Token Ring network in
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and so on) should be localized as g
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• Link aggregation or fat pipe te
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ackbones are also still common, par
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Switch Ports and Related Functions
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Port Trunking (Link Aggregation) Et
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the spanning tree is also recalcula
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mirroring does just what its name s
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Segment port addressing was the PAS
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Typically, when evaluating switch a
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10Mbps bt = 100 nsec 16Mbps bt = 63
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switch configuration, add the confi
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also required to provide any switch
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grouped into VLAN groups consisting
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ULP-based VLANs are a comparatively
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with a specific VLAN. A ULP-based V
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The mapping layer provides the mech
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In addition to better overall netwo
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The third reason is perhaps an exte
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hardware-based routers is essential
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"Classical IP over ATM." Keeping in
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Historically, due to ATM's faster o
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LAN transmission protocols operate
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etween the different ELANS must be
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upon startup. After the LEC is conf
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equires that a datagram encapsulati
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traffic flow management issues that
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Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco IOS Switc
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Cisco's router product line is quit
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ROM is used on the 1600, 2500, 2600
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Cisco also has a Windows-based tool
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Pin 7 Brown to Pin 6 Pin 6 White to
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• A PC will use the Cisco "termin
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Step 8. This command starts the ter
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• Major release (MR), according t
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There are two methods for installin
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Privileged EXEC The privileged EXEC
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To exit out of configuration EXEC m
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• • • or • To save the ru
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'copy system:/running-config' Addr
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Cisco provides a wealth of informat
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Here is another example, to display
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--More-- uses the Spacebar to scro
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The privileged EXEC command will p
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7200router#dir /all Directory of sl
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Router#configure network Host or ne
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the variations of the show command.
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no ip address shutdown ! interface
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Router(config)#hostname Concord-GW
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Configuring AppleTalk and IPX IP, h
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Ridge-GW(config-if)#ipx update inte
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S&M 31-31 Total of 4 zones Ridge-GW
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Concord-GW(config-line)#privilege l
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UNIX systems. To setup LPD, first t
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Setting up the dial access has two
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Or from a adjacent DCHP server usin
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If you use AAA instead of local aut
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conf-reg changes, be sure that you
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Help is available by typing ? or he
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1. In rommon, use the or command
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Setting Up TFTP Boot By default, th
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[OK - 9212736/16777216 bytes] Verif
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After your images are loaded, you n
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Router7200#format slot0: Format ope
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91% Download Complete! program load
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NOTE For more information about NTP
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timestamps debug> for debug message
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00:00:08: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
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Local-AS#config t Enter configurati
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#Logging for all internal routers l
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Subject: gw routers log Date: Wed,
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Kerberos (introduced in IOS version
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http://www.pdc.kth.se/kth-krb/ http
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local-AS#config t Enter configurati
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Now the router's login is back to i
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After the daemon is built and added
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PPPuser Authentication-Type = Realm
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and The authorization process work
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There are three accounting notice o
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Chapter 8. TCP/IP Dynamic Routing P
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The Routing Information Protocol (R
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operate at Fast Ethernet speeds and
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Figure 8.3. A route-diverse network
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Network Convergence Convergence is
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The important differences between D
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192.119.17.192 /26 192.119.18.0 /26
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19.66 17.64 /26 17.1 19.66 18.0 /24
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the network is directly connected,
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• Ease of use • Reliability •
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As a rule, static routes have a rol
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Figure 8.7. An example network usin
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Figure 8.8. The RIPv1 and RIPV2 mes
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Figure 8.9. Route poisoning example
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within the AS, and classful route s
Page 496 and 497:
OSPF is designed to operate in both
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Figure 8.11. The OSPF router class
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In Figure 8.12, the ABRs need to kn
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that provide a way for routers to e
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o Hello—Messages are used to crea
Page 506 and 507:
If any of the steps do not meet the
Page 508 and 509:
The manner in which a route entry i
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own traversing their network backbo
Page 512 and 513:
BGP is based on the vector distance
Page 515 and 516:
All BGP messages use a 19-byte head
Page 517 and 518:
Tanenbaum Andrew S. Computer Networ
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When constructing access control li
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ACL (using the ACL ID number) is as
Page 523 and 524:
NOTE In situations where you are fi
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asbr-a2(config)#access-list 1 deny
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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol O
Page 529 and 530:
Rsh BSD Remote Shell TCP 512 Ftp Fi
Page 531 and 532:
Defense Against IP Denial of Servic
Page 533 and 534:
http://www.cert.org/ http://www.roo
Page 535 and 536:
suppress the zone name propagation
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! access-list 601 permit nbp 1 obje
Page 539 and 540:
Nlsp Match on NetWare Link State Pr
Page 541 and 542:
oute-map identifier, which associat
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ehave this way by default. With IP,
Page 545 and 546:
To ensure that the proper router ac
Page 547 and 548:
Network Address Translation Interne
Page 549 and 550:
The IOS NAT implementation can prov
Page 551 and 552:
This approach allows the administra
Page 553 and 554:
equired) can be sent across public
Page 555 and 556:
Encrypted GRE Tunnels To create enc
Page 557 and 558:
Displaying Tunnel Information To mo
Page 559 and 560:
persephone(config-if)#service-modul
Page 561 and 562:
Displaying PPP-Related Configuratio
Page 563 and 564:
NOTE Although ISDN bearer channels
Page 565 and 566:
leibniz(config-if)#ppp multilink le
Page 567 and 568:
access-list 100 permit tcp any any
Page 569 and 570:
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 64 Kbit, DLY 200
Page 571 and 572:
T - traffic engineered route Gatewa
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15. jupiter(config-if)#appletalk zo
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Figure 9.4. Point-to-point and poin
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interface to feed each VLAN, a sing
Page 579 and 580:
Figure 9.5. A full-mesh FR point-to
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interface serial0.5 point-to-point
Page 583 and 584:
! hostname robin ! interface serial
Page 585 and 586:
circuit descriptor, is the PVC ID u
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1. Establish the signaling PVC betw
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• — Displays global inbound and
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Additional Resources Chappel Laura
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using a single router or pair of ro
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Table 10.2. IOS Administrative Dist
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C 172.16.192.0/21 is directly conne
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outer#show ip masks 172.16.0.0 Mask
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When the route table is flushed, th
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Although static routing is not an i
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Gateway of last resort is 192.168.0
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! To reach networks of asbr-a1 via
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192.168.160.0/30 is subnetted, 1 su
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• • Router(config)#ip forward-p
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has no need for your routing inform
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Control commands: RIP is an IGP,
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IOS allows you to adjust how the RI
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In situations where you have networ
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Global interface subprocess comma
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flash updates (when changes occur b
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outer in the process. The idea behi
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IPX EIGRP functionality is similar
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• provides operational informati
Page 631 and 632:
As with all debugging commands, use
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EIGRP). In addition, like IGRP and
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To get our feet wet, let's configur
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For OSPF, at least one interface mu
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According to the routing table, eve
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of a previous entry. Again, OSPF se
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172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted
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9,600 9.6 (9,600 baud modem) 10417
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network 192,168.12.252 0.0.0.0 area
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Designated and Backup Designated Ro
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Figure 10.3. A point-to-multipoint
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• Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time
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Configuration commands: In C
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Figure 10.5. AppleTalk network segm
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Configuration commands:
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Figure 10.6. A multipoint access In
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classful networks. All that matters
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network 192.168.2.0 mask 255.255.25
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The command shown above sets up the
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Figure 10.7. The EBGP and IBGP peer
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• —Another very useful tool, th
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outer over the other. Earlier in th
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identifies the routes as directly c
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or from a specific set of networks.
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hostname ABR-a57 ! access-list 1 de
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asbr-b2(config)#Access-list 1 permi
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RFC 1586 Guidelines for Running OSP
Page 685 and 686:
Actually, the purpose of network an
Page 687 and 688:
Topology Maps An updated network to
Page 689 and 690:
Protocol analyzers exist for FDDI,
Page 691 and 692:
Packet Internet Groper (Ping) Ping
Page 693 and 694:
Ping implementations vary from plat
Page 695 and 696:
# 4. Set the mailtarget (who is get
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echo $size-Bit Loss Statistics > $t
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traceroute to www.yahoo.com (204.71
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samples will tell you what you need
Page 703 and 704:
and low utilization measurements va
Page 705 and 706:
network needs to be partitioned int
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Network Errors Knowing the amount a
Page 709 and 710:
NOTE On switched Ethernet segments
Page 711 and 712:
frame or token, and are commonly at
Page 713 and 714:
This process begins with the transm
Page 715 and 716:
you can use the DSU/CSU to collect
Page 717 and 718:
1. Look at the big picture and then
Page 719 and 720:
Managing these complex systems was
Page 721 and 722:
necessary for maintaining the effic
Page 723 and 724:
• Configuration management—In l
Page 725 and 726:
Protocol (SMGP) and the OSI Common
Page 727 and 728:
sequential order. It provides a mea
Page 729 and 730:
functional perspective, BER employs
Page 731 and 732:
• DESCRIPTION—Details the role
Page 733 and 734:
SEQUENCE OF. The SEQUENCE type is u
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Figure 11.2. The MIB hierarchy. The
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Figure 11.3. The SNMP view of the I
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Figure 11.5. SNMP v1 and SNMP v2 da
Page 741 and 742:
• Request ID—This field is used
Page 743 and 744:
supports MIB-II, RMON, AppleTalk, I
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name. Quite often different communi
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Figure 11.10. Windows NT 4.0 SNMP T
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the Component Type screen appears,
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Figure 11.14. The Add/Remove Progra
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Figure 11.16. Selecting the compone
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different versions of Windows 95. F
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Figure 11.20. The Macintosh SNMP Ag
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Therefore, even if your UNIX implem
Page 761 and 762:
management packets, MAC packets, so
Page 763 and 764:
interpretation of the data for netw
Page 765 and 766:
RFC 1907 RFC 1910 RFC 1944 RFC 2011
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