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Additional Resources Ali Syed. Digital Switching Systems, System Reliability, and Analysis. McGraw-Hill, 1997. Black Uyless. ATM Volume I, Foundation for Broadband Networks. Prentice Hall, 1997. Black Uyless. ATM Volume II, Signaling in Broadband Networks. Prentice Hall, 1998. Black Uyless Sharleen Walters. SONET and T1 Architectures for Digital Transport Networks. Prentice Hall, 1997. Goralski Walter. SONET: A Guide to Synchronous Optical Network. McGraw-Hill, 1997. Kessler Gary Peter Southwick. ISDN Concepts, Facilities, and Services, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill, 1996.
Chapter 6. Network Switches In this chapter, we look at a technology that has become increasingly important to the implementation and development of enterprise networks: network switches, specifically, LAN switches (also known as multiport bridges), and ATM switches. We first take a brief look at the requirements for and operational fundamentals of network switches. Then, we examine Layer 2 bridging, which supports LAN technology and, to some extent, the functionality of ATM switches. After we have an understanding of how Layer 2 bridging works, we then compare Layer 2 bridging and Layer 3 routing from an implementation and appropriate use perspective. Next, we examine Layer 2 network switches, and look at their basic architecture, operation, and implementation. We close the chapter by examining ATM switch specifics and the integration of ATM with traditional LAN networks. The Need for Network Switching Enterprise networks traditionally have been built with shared transmission medium Layer 2 LAN protocols and point-to-point dedicated medium Layer 2 WAN protocols. Multiport repeaters, MAUs, and bridges were used to construct LANs, so that two connected end-stations would have momentary access to all the available LAN segment bandwidth to exchange data. These LANs were designed and operated using the 80/20 rule: 80 percent of the LAN segment traffic was local (on one side of a router), the other 20 percent was remote (on the other side of a router). On the WAN side, Transport-1 based PSTN links using synchronous serial interfaces were used to tie LANs together. In fact, much of the Internet backbone in the early 1990s operated only at T1 speeds. Then, the network age was born. The idea of the "network as computer" took hold. In this period, thick and thin client/server computing became popular, and this, together with FTP, Gopher, Usenet, and eventually Web browsers such as Mosaic, helped turn computers into network communications tools. Browser or "Web-based" applications became bandwidth-intensive as they matured. Their integration of text, graphics, and streaming audio and video helped fuel the need for the development of high-speed data networking technologies. The once-static LAN/WAN of shared LANs and dedicated WAN links just could not provide the bandwidth needed to meet the new demands of the network age.
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Understanding the Network A Practic
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IOS Authentication and Accounting S
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About the Reviewers These reviewers
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Tell Us What You Think As the reade
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mostly dealt with interconnecting m
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• A short introduction to SNMP Ap
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In theory, a computer network can o
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Coaxial cable has a single solid co
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• Radio transmission—It is achi
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• Baseband transmission applies t
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Ring Topology Figure 1.3. The bus t
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Packets and frames are often used a
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Asynchronous transmission involves
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Figure 1.6. Collision handling unde
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In a ring topology, a token is pass
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Repeaters The repeater was introduc
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the network. If your 50-node networ
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Figure 1.12. A collection of nodes
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their destination, type, and conten
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shop, you are using Novell's Direct
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Figure 1.14. The OSI and Internet r
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Layer 7: Application This layer pro
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end-to-end, sequenced data delivery
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outer, the delivery path might be d
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and network transport is a very imp
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Figure 1.16. The "bottom up" commun
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Chapter 2. The Networker's Guide to
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Internet Society, a nonprofit organ
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• First, it performs translations
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Figure 2.2. The IP header. • Vers
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To assist in the reassembly process
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Figure 2.3. IP address classes comp
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taking the natural mask of the addr
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Classful Subnetting Examples The im
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21 2,000 8,000 255.255.248.0 22 1,0
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classful-based address space model.
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Table 2.6. Classless Network Addres
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NOTE Because CIDR is used for addre
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will connect in the future, it is b
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Routers are also called intermediat
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IP datagrams for which the local ho
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1. The Layer 3 to Layer 2 address m
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3. Router B—Router B receives the
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connected networks. Figure 2.11 ill
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Figure 2.12. A simple regional (ISP
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gw1, gw2, gw4 3 gw1, gw3, gw4 3 gw1
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Dynamic routing might not be requir
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The transport layer as a whole repr
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window to reflect changes in the pa
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The TCP Header The TCP header provi
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53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 67 BOO
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SNMP Simple Network Management Prot
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uses both TCP and UDP for service d
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RFC 974 Mail routing and the domain
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Figure 3.1. Physical versus logical
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Figure 3.2. The AppleTalk protocol
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AppleTalk Address Resolution Protoc
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of 400 microseconds, in addition to
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Along with the SAP, there is a 5-by
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delivery is a best-effort delivery
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• DDP checksum (long header only)
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eachable within the internetwork. T
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information from the router's other
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AppleTalk Update Based Routing Prot
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• type is the service classificat
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application layers. AppleTalk has n
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Figure 3.10. ZIP message formats. E
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Printer Access Protocol Printer Acc
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Figure 3.11. Novell (IPX) protocol
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The other nodes on the network that
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Figure 3.13. IPX datagram format.
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the cumulative information gleaned
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• Hop Count is the number of rout
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Upper Layer Protocols IPX is used t
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Msg.Add.Name Adds a unique name to
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Related RFCs RFC 1001 RFC 1002 RFC
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service enhancement or replacement
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Figure 4.1. The LLC interfaces in r
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it does not provide for error recov
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and smooth pattern flow enables MTL
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cabling, backbone length 800m Categ
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combination of light refraction and
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NOTE Cladding is the glass "shell"
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Ethernet The original Ethernet prot
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UTP telephone cabling infrastructur
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Since the introduction of the IEEE
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In the event that two Ethernet end-
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The 802.3 frame type used in Figure
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• Frame check sequence (4 bytes)
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• Physical layer signaling (PLS)
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cable segment length (for coaxial s
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transmission medium using BNC (Brit
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Figure 4.12. A basic 3-cable 10Base
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Figure 4.14. 10Base-T hub-to-hub in
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Figure 4.16. 10Base-T in a consulta
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• Support for full-duplex operati
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mechanisms, in terms of encoding an
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etween different PHY encoding imple
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100Base Ethernet) is based on the p
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The Gigabit PHY The Gigabit PHY con
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CSMA/CD is sensitive to operating r
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The main advantage of using FDR ove
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have to transmit against the priori
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• Ring timing maintenance—The A
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check the lobe cable. If the lobe t
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Token Ring addresses are expressed
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• Report Active Monitor Error (RA
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they first join the ring or in the
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Figure 4.22. The IBM type 1 MIC con
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FDDI Work on the Fiber Distributed
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However, all this comes at a cost,
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Figure 4.25. FDDI MAC data frame an
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topologies needed for the transmiss
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Chapter 5. WAN Internetworking Tech
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Placing a Call The functional model
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LATAs to provide local exchange ser
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The PSTN was originally designed fo
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sampling rate is 8,000 times per se
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Figure 5.1. A multiplexer from a lo
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Table 5.1. The American (DS) and In
Page 243 and 244: The M24/D4 frame standard is the ba
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Page 247 and 248: • Line loopback/line build-out (L
Page 249 and 250: process. The T3 multiplexer adds st
Page 251 and 252: committee. The committee provided t
Page 253 and 254: The photonic layer defines the elec
Page 255 and 256: such as T1/E1, FDDI, and others. Th
Page 257 and 258: SS7 signaling components are connec
Page 259 and 260: SCCP operates as an OSI-RM Layer 3.
Page 261 and 262: WAN point-to-point links. It can be
Page 263 and 264: Figure 5.11. The ISDN protocol refe
Page 265 and 266: • The R interface acts as a point
Page 267 and 268: • Flag—This is an 8-bit (011111
Page 269 and 270: terminals attached to the ISDN swit
Page 271 and 272: X.25 networks are comprised of four
Page 273 and 274: Frame Relay, like the ISDN effort i
Page 275 and 276: • Flag—This functions as a fram
Page 277 and 278: Figure 5.17. the B-ISDN reference m
Page 279 and 280: environments is implemented using A
Page 281 and 282: endpoints. A Virtual Path Link (VPL
Page 283 and 284: ATM endpoints. The user adaptation
Page 285 and 286: 1. The ATM end-device issues a setu
Page 287 and 288: Data-Link Framing Point-to-point de
Page 289 and 290: PPP PPP can provide multiprotocol d
Page 291 and 292: PPP Framing There are three HDLC fr
Page 293: • The HDLC and PPP data-link prot
Page 297 and 298: Figure 6.1. Partial and full mesh m
Page 299 and 300: protocol. Figure 6.3 illustrates th
Page 301 and 302: All hosts can see the traffic that
Page 303 and 304: To get a better understanding of th
Page 305 and 306: Figure 6.5. A bridged LAN with span
Page 307 and 308: support a path discovery method. So
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Page 311 and 312: network data encryption, WAN reacha
Page 313 and 314: The Impact of Switching on Traditio
Page 315 and 316: • Switch backplane—Also referre
Page 317 and 318: Switch Port Flow Control In full-du
Page 319 and 320: In the event that the primary trunk
Page 321 and 322: Figure 6.9. Layer 2 collision domai
Page 323 and 324: Figure 6.10. Multiport repeaters an
Page 325 and 326: Figure 6.11. Distributed and collap
Page 327 and 328: utilization performance. To calcula
Page 329 and 330: Ideally, the goal of all switch and
Page 331 and 332: Cut-through uses the same technolog
Page 333 and 334: VLANs A switch that supports VLAN p
Page 335 and 336: MAC Address-Based VLANs Another com
Page 337 and 338: Figure 6.13. Switches running indep
Page 339 and 340: The configuration layer uses the Ge
Page 341 and 342: Layer 2 infrastructures to operate
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transmitting and receiving. Without
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ATM-specific applications would be
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ATM private-class switches are comp
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Because both the VPI and VCI are us
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environment. The goal is to have La
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Broadcast and Unknown Server The Br
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Figure 6.15. An LEC and its VCC rel
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ATM hosts are accomplished by estab
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• VLANs • Full-duplex switch po
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Chapter 7. Introduction to Cisco Ro
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The 4000 series routers come in a t
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series routers, this partition can
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need to crimp the CAT 5 strands fol
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Use the cable set to build the cabl
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Step 2. This command specifies whic
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AppleTalk FDDI IPX Token Ring VINES
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The IOS Command Line and Configurat
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disconnect Disconnect an existing n
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changes (user to privileged, for ex
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• Router(config)#hostname test-ro
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or • On 7x00 only, use: • •
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Null Null interface Tunnel Tunnel i
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Router(config)#ip rou? route routin
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Ctrl+P, up arrow Previous command i
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mop Copy from a MOP server (not ava
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Now let's see what is on the PCMCIA
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When copying any file, unless no pr
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Ethernet LANs with a dedicated T1 c
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Compiled Fri 03-Apr-98 07:00 by rna
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172.16.2.0 /25 172.16.2.128 /26 or
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Ridge-GW(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0
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In addition to their native protoco
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D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O -
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Configuring Dumb Terminal Service T
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Ctrl+Shift+6+X suspends a session).
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cornpops|Printer on Cisco termserve
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Concord-GW(config-if)#flowcontrol h
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The AUX port configuration for Ridg
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outer and enter the break sequence
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Setting the conf-reg Value in ROM M
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• Register setting 0x2010—Confi
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8. 9. Router#configure terminal 10.
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Router#config t Enter configuration
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-#- ED --type----crc--- -seek--nlen
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to xmodem or TFTP (2600 only) an IO
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Mountain Standard Time (MST) -7 Pac
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eference time is BB0FC7AA.95E93186
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in production for a little while. T
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use debug mode often. When using th
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uucp UNIX-to-UNIX copy system IOS a
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Log Management Logs are useless unl
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IOS Authentication and Accounting I
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hostnames (which can be corrected w
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$telnet 192.160.56.5 Trying 192.160
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In this example, the authentication
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makes it easier to configure, becau
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define what authentication type sho
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Caution should be taken when using
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pairs (similar to those used to cre
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• Using rommon and disaster recov
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In the following section, we review
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Deciding to Use a Routing Protocol
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Now, here is the qualifier: Not eve
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If RIP was the routing protocol for
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Distance Vector Protocols All routi
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space) based on a power of 2. Class
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address space), but you would run i
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destination address that falls with
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the different IP address spaces int
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Weaknesses of Static Routing Static
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Today, RIP is considered by some to
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RIP 192.124.32.0 /24 192.124.35.1 3
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All routers on the network keep tra
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RIP's Value Today RIP is old, it's
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• Better reliability—OSPF route
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Figure 8.10. Single- and multi-area
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• Internal routers—These router
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to the backbone. In Figure 8.13, al
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Figure 8.14. OSPF router designatio
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oundary routers. They describe netw
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outer's point of view. The path con
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Autonomous Systems and Exterior Rou
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Figure 8.16. The IGP to ERP handoff
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Figure 8.17. The BGP finite state m
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EGPs have been increasing in popula
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Chapter 9. Advanced Cisco Router Co
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specified ACL number range. Table 9
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default, all traffic is denied. Onl
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asbr-a2#config t Enter configuratio
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trying to build ACLs with the comma
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trace Multicast trace IGMP log Log
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Tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol
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access-list 100 permit tcp any 172.
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Table 9.5. AppleTalk ACL Filtering
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Figure 9.1. The AnyCo corporate App
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One word of caution: If you plan to
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You can also log hits on ports by a
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Table 9.8. Route-Map Operators for
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exists, a group identifier (which c
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hegel# With this configuration, bec
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NAT is commonly used in a fashion s
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The [prefix-length] or [netmask] se
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NAT's Shortcomings Although NAT is
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NOTE Administrators beware: Tunneli
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connects, the active key informatio
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encapsulation, framing, and line si
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asbr-a2(config-if)#ip address 172.1
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problem if you are provisioning ISD
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22:41:34: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
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POP mail request is made. Now let's
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leibniz(config-if)#backup interface
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When the primary link fails, the BR
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1.544Mbps. The actual transport lin
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the cost-effective and bandwidth-ef
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interface configuration subcommand
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it is possible to exchange packets
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interface serial0.2 point-to-point
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Figure 9.6. A multipoint FR example
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2. ATM encapsulation must be enable
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are commonly used in large-scale cl
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persephone(config)#interface atm 3/
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• The creation and application of
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Chapter 10. Configuring IP Routing
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After you have a list of requiremen
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Control commands: Displaying
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not active, it is quite common for
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Incoming update filter list for all
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When changing any IP routing behavi
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asbr-a1(config-if)#^Z asbr-a1# When
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For asbr-a2 to reach all the testne
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192.168.160.0/30 is subnetted, 1 su
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order to maintain computability wit
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Configuring Dynamic IGP and EGP IP
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passive-interface s1 By enabling th
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asbr-a1(config-router)#network 12.0
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To verify that the adjusted route m
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The command is a general routing p
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EIGRP, as I'm sure you have guessed
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No matter how the announcement entr
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Incoming update filter list for all
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is adjustable using the router con
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• IOS also supports various debu
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outers: • Backbone Routers—Thes
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process. The router would construct
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e1/1 192.168.9.0 fe0/0 192.168.0.0
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An alternative to this is to use th
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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Link State Age Interval is 00:20:00
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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to asbr-a1 was a remote office that
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interface Serial1 ip address 192.16
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which to exchange OSPF messages. Th
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OSPF Monitoring Commands Throughout
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• • • NOTE • will display
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Figure 10.4. AURP tunnel interfaces
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appletalk glean-packets hostname as
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For many users, the usefulness of B
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internal/Internet access router whe
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externally destined traffic arrives
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Routers asbr-a1/a2 and asbr-b1/b2 a
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BGP Reflectors An alternative to ha
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network 192.168.0.0 mask 255.255.25
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dynamic routing protocols are used
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Figure 10.8. An example network run
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Controlling Redistribution In some
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hostname ABR-a57 ! access-list 1 pe
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access-list 2 deny 10.0.1.0 access-
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Keep in mind that route-maps, li
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Chapter 11. Network Troubleshooting
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However, the most valuable tool of
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• Description of primary function
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of cable fault, different CSFSs are
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For Windows Systems, check out the
Page 694 and 695:
command. On a Windows NT system, us
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#Do not change these variables logf
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# If any of the hosts fail to respo
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upgrade. So, when the time comes to
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throughput over time, instead of si
Page 704 and 705:
protocol is the most prone to perfo
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NOTE When looking at network broadc
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NOTE Another common network error n
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and the physical ring segment that
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tolerances the frames, timing shift
Page 714 and 715:
practical terms, this means that at
Page 716 and 717:
etransmissions, however, usually ha
Page 718 and 719:
4. Don't get lost in the big pictur
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• Link and services monitoring, n
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eports on network utilization, avai
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o Bandwidth utilization rates o Rat
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and improved management capabilitie
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After the supported SNMP version is
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Table 11.3. ASN.1 Keywords Used wit
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application-wide tags, which are us
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TestSequence ::= SEQUENCE { example
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The MIB-2 and RMON-MIB modules are
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iso.identfied-orgnaization.dod.inte
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accepted values are getRequest, get
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Spectrum is available in both UNIX
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Figure 11.8. Windows NT 4.0 SNMP Ag
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To access any of the NT SNMP agent
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The installation of the SNMP agent
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Figure 11.13. The Windows 95/98 Sel
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Figure 11.15. Locating the Windows
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Figure 11.17. The SNMP configuratio
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2. Scroll to Network Connectivity o
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sysLocation information, go to the
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example that just implements the ba
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protocol, service, and application
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RFC 1089 RFC 1147 RFC 1155 RFC 1157
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Appendix A. Binary Conversion Table
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