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mirrors that redirect the light away from the DAS. The disabled station is bypassed, and the ring maintains its primary and secondary ring functionality. Summary At this point, you should have a solid understanding of the operation and implementation of Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI. You should also have a basic understanding of data signaling, encoding, fiber optic and copper-based transmission media, and LAN cabling components. Now, let's move on to WAN data link and transport protocols. Related RFCs RFC 894 Standard for the transmission of IP datagrams over Ethernet networks RFC 1042 Standard for the transmission of IP datagrams over IEEE 802 networks RFC 1390 Transmission of IP and ARP over FDDI networks Additional Resources Breyer Robert Sean Riley. Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet, Third Edition. Macmillan Technical Publishing, 1999. Codenoll Technology Corporation, The Fiber Optic LAN Handbook, Fourth Edition. Codenoll Technology Corporation, 1990. Held Gilbert. Ethernet Networks, Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 1996. Kadambi Jayant Mohan Kalkunte Ian Crawford. Gigabit Ethernet. Prentice Hall, 1998. Mirchandani Sonu Raman Khanna. FDDI: Technology and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, 1993. Partridge Craig. Gigabit Networking. Addison-Wesley, 1993. Quinn Liam Richard Russell. Fast Ethernet. John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
Chapter 5. WAN Internetworking Technologies In this chapter, we look at WAN internetworking technologies. When we examine this subject, the first thing we notice is the clear separation between physical transport (OSI-RM Layer 1) and data transmission (OSI-RM Layer 2) services. This separation contrasts sharply with LAN technologies, where the services are handled by both layers under the same protocol specification. This delineation might seem odd to administrators who have most of their experience with LAN protocols, but it is characteristic of WAN networking, and reflects the utilitarian nature of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) that provide transport service. PSTN was originally developed for voice transport, which required that each transmission be distinguishable from every other, but that the continuity of each separate transmission be maintained. To facilitate this kind of service, each voice transmission was given its own dedicated channel. When the PSTN was later used for transmitting data, this same model was followed. Each data path has its own channel for transmitting signals across the PSTN, and for the duration of the "call," the available bandwidth of that channel can be used to transmit any signal. In order for data to be transmitted over the PSTN channel, some kind of transmission scheme (framing) needs to be employed to format the data so it can be interpreted correctly when it reaches the other end of the channel. The PSTN is uninterested in what is being carried over the channel. Its only function is to ensure that the data is in a useable form when it reaches its destination. As the transmission of data became a larger and larger percentage of the traffic being carried over the PSTN, WAN packet-switching and cell-switching technologies were developed. Fundamentally, these technologies utilize the dedicated physical layer transport mechanisms to send data signals over the PSTN. They also provide intelligent signaling mechanisms that enable the available transport bandwidth to be used to support multiple, discrete connections between different endpoints. These technologies afford a more dynamic, efficient, and cost-effective utilization of the channel bandwidth and expand the functional usefulness of the PSTN beyond that of a large channel-switching system. To start, we look at the PSTN's history and basic structure. Then, we review three transport technologies: AT&T/Belcore's Transport-1 (T1) digital carrier system, SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), which are ANSI and ITU-T international standards. We then take a brief look at the major PSTN packet- and cell-switching technologies: ISDN, Frame Relay, and ATM. We close the chapter by examining the popular "data-link" protocols: HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) and PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol). These two protocols are used to provide data-link transmission services over dedicated and
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Understanding the Network A Practic
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IOS Authentication and Accounting S
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About the Reviewers These reviewers
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Tell Us What You Think As the reade
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mostly dealt with interconnecting m
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• A short introduction to SNMP Ap
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In theory, a computer network can o
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Coaxial cable has a single solid co
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• Radio transmission—It is achi
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• Baseband transmission applies t
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Ring Topology Figure 1.3. The bus t
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Packets and frames are often used a
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Asynchronous transmission involves
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Figure 1.6. Collision handling unde
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In a ring topology, a token is pass
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Repeaters The repeater was introduc
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the network. If your 50-node networ
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Figure 1.12. A collection of nodes
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their destination, type, and conten
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shop, you are using Novell's Direct
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Figure 1.14. The OSI and Internet r
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Layer 7: Application This layer pro
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end-to-end, sequenced data delivery
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outer, the delivery path might be d
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and network transport is a very imp
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Figure 1.16. The "bottom up" commun
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Chapter 2. The Networker's Guide to
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Internet Society, a nonprofit organ
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• First, it performs translations
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Figure 2.2. The IP header. • Vers
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To assist in the reassembly process
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Figure 2.3. IP address classes comp
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taking the natural mask of the addr
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Classful Subnetting Examples The im
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21 2,000 8,000 255.255.248.0 22 1,0
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classful-based address space model.
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Table 2.6. Classless Network Addres
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NOTE Because CIDR is used for addre
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will connect in the future, it is b
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Routers are also called intermediat
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IP datagrams for which the local ho
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1. The Layer 3 to Layer 2 address m
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3. Router B—Router B receives the
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connected networks. Figure 2.11 ill
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Figure 2.12. A simple regional (ISP
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gw1, gw2, gw4 3 gw1, gw3, gw4 3 gw1
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Dynamic routing might not be requir
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The transport layer as a whole repr
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window to reflect changes in the pa
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The TCP Header The TCP header provi
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53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 67 BOO
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SNMP Simple Network Management Prot
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uses both TCP and UDP for service d
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RFC 974 Mail routing and the domain
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Figure 3.1. Physical versus logical
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Figure 3.2. The AppleTalk protocol
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AppleTalk Address Resolution Protoc
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of 400 microseconds, in addition to
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Along with the SAP, there is a 5-by
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delivery is a best-effort delivery
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• DDP checksum (long header only)
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eachable within the internetwork. T
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information from the router's other
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AppleTalk Update Based Routing Prot
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• type is the service classificat
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application layers. AppleTalk has n
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Figure 3.10. ZIP message formats. E
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Printer Access Protocol Printer Acc
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Figure 3.11. Novell (IPX) protocol
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The other nodes on the network that
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Figure 3.13. IPX datagram format.
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the cumulative information gleaned
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• Hop Count is the number of rout
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Upper Layer Protocols IPX is used t
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Msg.Add.Name Adds a unique name to
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Related RFCs RFC 1001 RFC 1002 RFC
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service enhancement or replacement
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Figure 4.1. The LLC interfaces in r
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it does not provide for error recov
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and smooth pattern flow enables MTL
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cabling, backbone length 800m Categ
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combination of light refraction and
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NOTE Cladding is the glass "shell"
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Ethernet The original Ethernet prot
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UTP telephone cabling infrastructur
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Since the introduction of the IEEE
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In the event that two Ethernet end-
Page 177 and 178: The 802.3 frame type used in Figure
Page 179 and 180: • Frame check sequence (4 bytes)
Page 181 and 182: • Physical layer signaling (PLS)
Page 183 and 184: cable segment length (for coaxial s
Page 185 and 186: transmission medium using BNC (Brit
Page 187 and 188: Figure 4.12. A basic 3-cable 10Base
Page 189 and 190: Figure 4.14. 10Base-T hub-to-hub in
Page 191 and 192: Figure 4.16. 10Base-T in a consulta
Page 193 and 194: • Support for full-duplex operati
Page 195 and 196: mechanisms, in terms of encoding an
Page 197 and 198: etween different PHY encoding imple
Page 199 and 200: 100Base Ethernet) is based on the p
Page 201 and 202: The Gigabit PHY The Gigabit PHY con
Page 203 and 204: CSMA/CD is sensitive to operating r
Page 205 and 206: The main advantage of using FDR ove
Page 207 and 208: have to transmit against the priori
Page 209 and 210: • Ring timing maintenance—The A
Page 211 and 212: check the lobe cable. If the lobe t
Page 213 and 214: Token Ring addresses are expressed
Page 215 and 216: • Report Active Monitor Error (RA
Page 217 and 218: they first join the ring or in the
Page 219 and 220: Figure 4.22. The IBM type 1 MIC con
Page 221 and 222: FDDI Work on the Fiber Distributed
Page 223 and 224: However, all this comes at a cost,
Page 225 and 226: Figure 4.25. FDDI MAC data frame an
Page 227: topologies needed for the transmiss
Page 231 and 232: Placing a Call The functional model
Page 233 and 234: LATAs to provide local exchange ser
Page 235 and 236: The PSTN was originally designed fo
Page 237 and 238: sampling rate is 8,000 times per se
Page 239 and 240: Figure 5.1. A multiplexer from a lo
Page 241 and 242: Table 5.1. The American (DS) and In
Page 243 and 244: The M24/D4 frame standard is the ba
Page 245 and 246: contains consecutive ones and zeros
Page 247 and 248: • Line loopback/line build-out (L
Page 249 and 250: process. The T3 multiplexer adds st
Page 251 and 252: committee. The committee provided t
Page 253 and 254: The photonic layer defines the elec
Page 255 and 256: such as T1/E1, FDDI, and others. Th
Page 257 and 258: SS7 signaling components are connec
Page 259 and 260: SCCP operates as an OSI-RM Layer 3.
Page 261 and 262: WAN point-to-point links. It can be
Page 263 and 264: Figure 5.11. The ISDN protocol refe
Page 265 and 266: • The R interface acts as a point
Page 267 and 268: • Flag—This is an 8-bit (011111
Page 269 and 270: terminals attached to the ISDN swit
Page 271 and 272: X.25 networks are comprised of four
Page 273 and 274: Frame Relay, like the ISDN effort i
Page 275 and 276: • Flag—This functions as a fram
Page 277 and 278: Figure 5.17. the B-ISDN reference m
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environments is implemented using A
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endpoints. A Virtual Path Link (VPL
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ATM endpoints. The user adaptation
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1. The ATM end-device issues a setu
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Data-Link Framing Point-to-point de
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PPP PPP can provide multiprotocol d
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PPP Framing There are three HDLC fr
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• The HDLC and PPP data-link prot
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Chapter 6. Network Switches In this
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Figure 6.1. Partial and full mesh m
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protocol. Figure 6.3 illustrates th
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All hosts can see the traffic that
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To get a better understanding of th
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Figure 6.5. A bridged LAN with span
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support a path discovery method. So
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or performance limitations, network
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network data encryption, WAN reacha
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The Impact of Switching on Traditio
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• Switch backplane—Also referre
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Switch Port Flow Control In full-du
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In the event that the primary trunk
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Figure 6.9. Layer 2 collision domai
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Figure 6.10. Multiport repeaters an
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Figure 6.11. Distributed and collap
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utilization performance. To calcula
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Ideally, the goal of all switch and
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Cut-through uses the same technolog
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VLANs A switch that supports VLAN p
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MAC Address-Based VLANs Another com
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Figure 6.13. Switches running indep
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The configuration layer uses the Ge
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Layer 2 infrastructures to operate
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need. This method not only allocate
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transmitting and receiving. Without
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ATM-specific applications would be
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ATM private-class switches are comp
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Because both the VPI and VCI are us
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environment. The goal is to have La
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Broadcast and Unknown Server The Br
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Figure 6.15. An LEC and its VCC rel
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ATM hosts are accomplished by estab
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• VLANs • Full-duplex switch po
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Chapter 7. Introduction to Cisco Ro
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The 4000 series routers come in a t
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series routers, this partition can
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need to crimp the CAT 5 strands fol
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Use the cable set to build the cabl
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Step 2. This command specifies whic
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AppleTalk FDDI IPX Token Ring VINES
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The IOS Command Line and Configurat
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disconnect Disconnect an existing n
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changes (user to privileged, for ex
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• Router(config)#hostname test-ro
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or • On 7x00 only, use: • •
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Null Null interface Tunnel Tunnel i
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Router(config)#ip rou? route routin
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Ctrl+P, up arrow Previous command i
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mop Copy from a MOP server (not ava
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Now let's see what is on the PCMCIA
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When copying any file, unless no pr
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Ethernet LANs with a dedicated T1 c
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Compiled Fri 03-Apr-98 07:00 by rna
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172.16.2.0 /25 172.16.2.128 /26 or
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Ridge-GW(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0
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In addition to their native protoco
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D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O -
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Configuring Dumb Terminal Service T
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Ctrl+Shift+6+X suspends a session).
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cornpops|Printer on Cisco termserve
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Concord-GW(config-if)#flowcontrol h
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The AUX port configuration for Ridg
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outer and enter the break sequence
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Setting the conf-reg Value in ROM M
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• Register setting 0x2010—Confi
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8. 9. Router#configure terminal 10.
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Router#config t Enter configuration
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-#- ED --type----crc--- -seek--nlen
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to xmodem or TFTP (2600 only) an IO
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Mountain Standard Time (MST) -7 Pac
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eference time is BB0FC7AA.95E93186
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in production for a little while. T
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use debug mode often. When using th
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uucp UNIX-to-UNIX copy system IOS a
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Log Management Logs are useless unl
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IOS Authentication and Accounting I
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hostnames (which can be corrected w
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$telnet 192.160.56.5 Trying 192.160
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In this example, the authentication
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makes it easier to configure, becau
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define what authentication type sho
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Caution should be taken when using
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pairs (similar to those used to cre
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• Using rommon and disaster recov
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In the following section, we review
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Deciding to Use a Routing Protocol
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Now, here is the qualifier: Not eve
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If RIP was the routing protocol for
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Distance Vector Protocols All routi
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space) based on a power of 2. Class
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address space), but you would run i
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destination address that falls with
Page 483 and 484:
the different IP address spaces int
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Weaknesses of Static Routing Static
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Today, RIP is considered by some to
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RIP 192.124.32.0 /24 192.124.35.1 3
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All routers on the network keep tra
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RIP's Value Today RIP is old, it's
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• Better reliability—OSPF route
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Figure 8.10. Single- and multi-area
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• Internal routers—These router
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to the backbone. In Figure 8.13, al
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Figure 8.14. OSPF router designatio
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oundary routers. They describe netw
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outer's point of view. The path con
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Autonomous Systems and Exterior Rou
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Figure 8.16. The IGP to ERP handoff
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Figure 8.17. The BGP finite state m
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EGPs have been increasing in popula
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Chapter 9. Advanced Cisco Router Co
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specified ACL number range. Table 9
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default, all traffic is denied. Onl
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asbr-a2#config t Enter configuratio
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trying to build ACLs with the comma
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trace Multicast trace IGMP log Log
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Tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Page 532 and 533:
access-list 100 permit tcp any 172.
Page 534 and 535:
Table 9.5. AppleTalk ACL Filtering
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Figure 9.1. The AnyCo corporate App
Page 538 and 539:
One word of caution: If you plan to
Page 540 and 541:
You can also log hits on ports by a
Page 542 and 543:
Table 9.8. Route-Map Operators for
Page 544 and 545:
exists, a group identifier (which c
Page 546 and 547:
hegel# With this configuration, bec
Page 548 and 549:
NAT is commonly used in a fashion s
Page 550 and 551:
The [prefix-length] or [netmask] se
Page 552 and 553:
NAT's Shortcomings Although NAT is
Page 554 and 555:
NOTE Administrators beware: Tunneli
Page 556 and 557:
connects, the active key informatio
Page 558 and 559:
encapsulation, framing, and line si
Page 560 and 561:
asbr-a2(config-if)#ip address 172.1
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problem if you are provisioning ISD
Page 564 and 565:
22:41:34: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
Page 566 and 567:
POP mail request is made. Now let's
Page 568 and 569:
leibniz(config-if)#backup interface
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When the primary link fails, the BR
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1.544Mbps. The actual transport lin
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the cost-effective and bandwidth-ef
Page 576 and 577:
interface configuration subcommand
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it is possible to exchange packets
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interface serial0.2 point-to-point
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Figure 9.6. A multipoint FR example
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2. ATM encapsulation must be enable
Page 586 and 587:
are commonly used in large-scale cl
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persephone(config)#interface atm 3/
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• The creation and application of
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Chapter 10. Configuring IP Routing
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After you have a list of requiremen
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Control commands: Displaying
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not active, it is quite common for
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Incoming update filter list for all
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When changing any IP routing behavi
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asbr-a1(config-if)#^Z asbr-a1# When
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For asbr-a2 to reach all the testne
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192.168.160.0/30 is subnetted, 1 su
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order to maintain computability wit
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Configuring Dynamic IGP and EGP IP
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passive-interface s1 By enabling th
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asbr-a1(config-router)#network 12.0
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To verify that the adjusted route m
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The command is a general routing p
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EIGRP, as I'm sure you have guessed
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No matter how the announcement entr
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Incoming update filter list for all
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is adjustable using the router con
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• IOS also supports various debu
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outers: • Backbone Routers—Thes
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process. The router would construct
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e1/1 192.168.9.0 fe0/0 192.168.0.0
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An alternative to this is to use th
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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Link State Age Interval is 00:20:00
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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to asbr-a1 was a remote office that
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interface Serial1 ip address 192.16
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which to exchange OSPF messages. Th
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OSPF Monitoring Commands Throughout
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• • • NOTE • will display
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Figure 10.4. AURP tunnel interfaces
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appletalk glean-packets hostname as
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For many users, the usefulness of B
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internal/Internet access router whe
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externally destined traffic arrives
Page 666 and 667:
Routers asbr-a1/a2 and asbr-b1/b2 a
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BGP Reflectors An alternative to ha
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network 192.168.0.0 mask 255.255.25
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dynamic routing protocols are used
Page 674 and 675:
Figure 10.8. An example network run
Page 676 and 677:
Controlling Redistribution In some
Page 678 and 679:
hostname ABR-a57 ! access-list 1 pe
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access-list 2 deny 10.0.1.0 access-
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Keep in mind that route-maps, li
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Chapter 11. Network Troubleshooting
Page 686 and 687:
However, the most valuable tool of
Page 688 and 689:
• Description of primary function
Page 690 and 691:
of cable fault, different CSFSs are
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For Windows Systems, check out the
Page 694 and 695:
command. On a Windows NT system, us
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#Do not change these variables logf
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# If any of the hosts fail to respo
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upgrade. So, when the time comes to
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throughput over time, instead of si
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protocol is the most prone to perfo
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NOTE When looking at network broadc
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NOTE Another common network error n
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and the physical ring segment that
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tolerances the frames, timing shift
Page 714 and 715:
practical terms, this means that at
Page 716 and 717:
etransmissions, however, usually ha
Page 718 and 719:
4. Don't get lost in the big pictur
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• Link and services monitoring, n
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eports on network utilization, avai
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o Bandwidth utilization rates o Rat
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and improved management capabilitie
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After the supported SNMP version is
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Table 11.3. ASN.1 Keywords Used wit
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application-wide tags, which are us
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TestSequence ::= SEQUENCE { example
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The MIB-2 and RMON-MIB modules are
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iso.identfied-orgnaization.dod.inte
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accepted values are getRequest, get
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Spectrum is available in both UNIX
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Figure 11.8. Windows NT 4.0 SNMP Ag
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To access any of the NT SNMP agent
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The installation of the SNMP agent
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Figure 11.13. The Windows 95/98 Sel
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Figure 11.15. Locating the Windows
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Figure 11.17. The SNMP configuratio
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2. Scroll to Network Connectivity o
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sysLocation information, go to the
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example that just implements the ba
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protocol, service, and application
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RFC 1089 RFC 1147 RFC 1155 RFC 1157
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Appendix A. Binary Conversion Table
show all

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