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• Connection management—Connection establishment, link testing, and error monitoring between adjacent PHYs. MAC-to-PHY configuration, bypass control, and medium availability acknowledgment are part of this function. • Ring management—Beacon detection and generation, transmission problem resolution, address management, duplicate address detection, and MAC availability monitoring. • Control frame generation—Generation and processing of SMT control frames, which come in the following flavors: o Neighborhood information frames—These frames determine duplicate addresses and the development of a local ring address map and ring path. o Status information frames—Two types of status information frames, configuration and operation, are used to glean additional status information about the stations connected on the ring. o Parameter management frames—These frames are used in conjunction with the station's management information base attributes to facilitate management information collection and station configuration. o Status report frames—These frames are used to send station and ring status announcements to other stations on the ring. The Physical Layer Protocol The Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) is independent of the PMD. This enables it to interface with a variety of PMD interfaces. The PHY is responsible for encoding and decoding data, using the 4B/5B encoding scheme. The MAC-to-PHY interface is a 4-bit data path operating at 25MHz. The PHY converts the MAC datastream into 4-bit symbols and then, using a 4B/5B encoder, converts them into a 5-bit symbol code. The 5-bit code is then serialized and transmitted through a NRZI converter at a line rate of 125MHz. The NRZI encoded stream is then handed to the PMD for transmission across the medium, also transmitted at a clock rate of 125MHz, which yields a 100Mbps transmission rate. FDDI gets its speed from the encodfting method. The PHY is also responsible for managing timing, and with FDDI, this is a distributed process. Each station has its own clock and gets its clocking signal from the incoming datastream. The data is buffered and transmitted back out to the ring. The internal station buffer expands or contracts the inter-packet gap to make up for timing errors. This avoids line jitter and affords a much more efficient data flow, because the inter-packet gap is optimized to a minimum. The Physical Layer Medium Standard The Physical Layer Medium (PMD) interface describes the electromechanical interfaces, media and transmission specifications, and station attachment
topologies needed for the transmission of bitstream data between stations. The PHY layer hands the 4B/5B serial bitstream to the PMD for transmission. The PMD converts these data bitstreams into optical or electrical (depending on the PMD) signals that can be understood by the transmitting and receiving PMD stations. The following are the most common FDDI PMD implementations: • Multimode PMD (MM-PDM)—This is the PMD original definition. It specifies the use of 62.5/125 micron multimode fiber with a long wavelength 1300-nanometer light, a power budget of 11 dB, and a maximum signal loss of 1.5 dB per km. Multimode DAT might be separated by as much as 2km. • Single-mode PMD (SM-PMD)—This calls for the use of 10/125 micron single-mode fiber with a long wavelength 1300-nanometer light. A power budget of 10 dB to 32 dB is permissible. Single-mode DAS can operate between 40 to 60km apart, depending on the types of transmitters used. • Twisted-pair PMD (TP-PMD)—This specifies the use of shielded IBM Type-1 or Category 5 UTP. A cable distance of up to 100m is supported between stations. The NRZI encoding scheme is not used with the TP-PMD; MLT-3 is used instead.The MM-PMD and SM-PMD use keyed media interface connectors (see Figure 4.26). The keys are used to ensure optical alignment and the correct ring connections between the connection and the FDDI NIC. The TP-PMD uses RJ-45 connectors. SC connectors are also used by some manufacturers of MM-PMD NICs. These cards should be used with some caution, because they provide no ring keying facility. Figure 4.26. A FDDI media interface connector. The PMD standard also defines the operation of the Dual-Attachment Concentrator (DAC), Single-Attachment Concentrator (SAC), and the optical bypass switch. DAC and SAC FDDI are used to provide SAT connections to the FDDI ring. The optical bypass switch is a device that provides the capability for continuous operation of the dual ring in case of a station failure or shutdown. It does this through the use of
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Understanding the Network A Practic
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IOS Authentication and Accounting S
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About the Reviewers These reviewers
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Tell Us What You Think As the reade
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mostly dealt with interconnecting m
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• A short introduction to SNMP Ap
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In theory, a computer network can o
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Coaxial cable has a single solid co
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• Radio transmission—It is achi
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• Baseband transmission applies t
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Ring Topology Figure 1.3. The bus t
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Packets and frames are often used a
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Asynchronous transmission involves
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Figure 1.6. Collision handling unde
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In a ring topology, a token is pass
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Repeaters The repeater was introduc
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the network. If your 50-node networ
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Figure 1.12. A collection of nodes
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their destination, type, and conten
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shop, you are using Novell's Direct
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Figure 1.14. The OSI and Internet r
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Layer 7: Application This layer pro
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end-to-end, sequenced data delivery
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outer, the delivery path might be d
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and network transport is a very imp
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Figure 1.16. The "bottom up" commun
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Chapter 2. The Networker's Guide to
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Internet Society, a nonprofit organ
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• First, it performs translations
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Figure 2.2. The IP header. • Vers
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To assist in the reassembly process
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Figure 2.3. IP address classes comp
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taking the natural mask of the addr
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Classful Subnetting Examples The im
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21 2,000 8,000 255.255.248.0 22 1,0
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classful-based address space model.
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Table 2.6. Classless Network Addres
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NOTE Because CIDR is used for addre
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will connect in the future, it is b
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Routers are also called intermediat
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IP datagrams for which the local ho
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1. The Layer 3 to Layer 2 address m
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3. Router B—Router B receives the
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connected networks. Figure 2.11 ill
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Figure 2.12. A simple regional (ISP
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gw1, gw2, gw4 3 gw1, gw3, gw4 3 gw1
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Dynamic routing might not be requir
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The transport layer as a whole repr
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window to reflect changes in the pa
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The TCP Header The TCP header provi
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53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 67 BOO
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SNMP Simple Network Management Prot
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uses both TCP and UDP for service d
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RFC 974 Mail routing and the domain
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Figure 3.1. Physical versus logical
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Figure 3.2. The AppleTalk protocol
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AppleTalk Address Resolution Protoc
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of 400 microseconds, in addition to
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Along with the SAP, there is a 5-by
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delivery is a best-effort delivery
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• DDP checksum (long header only)
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eachable within the internetwork. T
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information from the router's other
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AppleTalk Update Based Routing Prot
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• type is the service classificat
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application layers. AppleTalk has n
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Figure 3.10. ZIP message formats. E
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Printer Access Protocol Printer Acc
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Figure 3.11. Novell (IPX) protocol
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The other nodes on the network that
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Figure 3.13. IPX datagram format.
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the cumulative information gleaned
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• Hop Count is the number of rout
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Upper Layer Protocols IPX is used t
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Msg.Add.Name Adds a unique name to
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Related RFCs RFC 1001 RFC 1002 RFC
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service enhancement or replacement
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Figure 4.1. The LLC interfaces in r
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it does not provide for error recov
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and smooth pattern flow enables MTL
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cabling, backbone length 800m Categ
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combination of light refraction and
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NOTE Cladding is the glass "shell"
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Ethernet The original Ethernet prot
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UTP telephone cabling infrastructur
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Since the introduction of the IEEE
Page 175 and 176: In the event that two Ethernet end-
Page 177 and 178: The 802.3 frame type used in Figure
Page 179 and 180: • Frame check sequence (4 bytes)
Page 181 and 182: • Physical layer signaling (PLS)
Page 183 and 184: cable segment length (for coaxial s
Page 185 and 186: transmission medium using BNC (Brit
Page 187 and 188: Figure 4.12. A basic 3-cable 10Base
Page 189 and 190: Figure 4.14. 10Base-T hub-to-hub in
Page 191 and 192: Figure 4.16. 10Base-T in a consulta
Page 193 and 194: • Support for full-duplex operati
Page 195 and 196: mechanisms, in terms of encoding an
Page 197 and 198: etween different PHY encoding imple
Page 199 and 200: 100Base Ethernet) is based on the p
Page 201 and 202: The Gigabit PHY The Gigabit PHY con
Page 203 and 204: CSMA/CD is sensitive to operating r
Page 205 and 206: The main advantage of using FDR ove
Page 207 and 208: have to transmit against the priori
Page 209 and 210: • Ring timing maintenance—The A
Page 211 and 212: check the lobe cable. If the lobe t
Page 213 and 214: Token Ring addresses are expressed
Page 215 and 216: • Report Active Monitor Error (RA
Page 217 and 218: they first join the ring or in the
Page 219 and 220: Figure 4.22. The IBM type 1 MIC con
Page 221 and 222: FDDI Work on the Fiber Distributed
Page 223 and 224: However, all this comes at a cost,
Page 225: Figure 4.25. FDDI MAC data frame an
Page 229 and 230: Chapter 5. WAN Internetworking Tech
Page 231 and 232: Placing a Call The functional model
Page 233 and 234: LATAs to provide local exchange ser
Page 235 and 236: The PSTN was originally designed fo
Page 237 and 238: sampling rate is 8,000 times per se
Page 239 and 240: Figure 5.1. A multiplexer from a lo
Page 241 and 242: Table 5.1. The American (DS) and In
Page 243 and 244: The M24/D4 frame standard is the ba
Page 245 and 246: contains consecutive ones and zeros
Page 247 and 248: • Line loopback/line build-out (L
Page 249 and 250: process. The T3 multiplexer adds st
Page 251 and 252: committee. The committee provided t
Page 253 and 254: The photonic layer defines the elec
Page 255 and 256: such as T1/E1, FDDI, and others. Th
Page 257 and 258: SS7 signaling components are connec
Page 259 and 260: SCCP operates as an OSI-RM Layer 3.
Page 261 and 262: WAN point-to-point links. It can be
Page 263 and 264: Figure 5.11. The ISDN protocol refe
Page 265 and 266: • The R interface acts as a point
Page 267 and 268: • Flag—This is an 8-bit (011111
Page 269 and 270: terminals attached to the ISDN swit
Page 271 and 272: X.25 networks are comprised of four
Page 273 and 274: Frame Relay, like the ISDN effort i
Page 275 and 276: • Flag—This functions as a fram
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Figure 5.17. the B-ISDN reference m
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environments is implemented using A
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endpoints. A Virtual Path Link (VPL
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ATM endpoints. The user adaptation
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1. The ATM end-device issues a setu
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Data-Link Framing Point-to-point de
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PPP PPP can provide multiprotocol d
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PPP Framing There are three HDLC fr
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• The HDLC and PPP data-link prot
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Chapter 6. Network Switches In this
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Figure 6.1. Partial and full mesh m
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protocol. Figure 6.3 illustrates th
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All hosts can see the traffic that
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To get a better understanding of th
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Figure 6.5. A bridged LAN with span
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support a path discovery method. So
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or performance limitations, network
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network data encryption, WAN reacha
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The Impact of Switching on Traditio
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• Switch backplane—Also referre
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Switch Port Flow Control In full-du
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In the event that the primary trunk
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Figure 6.9. Layer 2 collision domai
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Figure 6.10. Multiport repeaters an
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Figure 6.11. Distributed and collap
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utilization performance. To calcula
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Ideally, the goal of all switch and
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Cut-through uses the same technolog
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VLANs A switch that supports VLAN p
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MAC Address-Based VLANs Another com
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Figure 6.13. Switches running indep
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The configuration layer uses the Ge
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Layer 2 infrastructures to operate
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need. This method not only allocate
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transmitting and receiving. Without
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ATM-specific applications would be
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ATM private-class switches are comp
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Because both the VPI and VCI are us
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environment. The goal is to have La
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Broadcast and Unknown Server The Br
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Figure 6.15. An LEC and its VCC rel
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ATM hosts are accomplished by estab
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• VLANs • Full-duplex switch po
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Chapter 7. Introduction to Cisco Ro
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The 4000 series routers come in a t
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series routers, this partition can
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need to crimp the CAT 5 strands fol
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Use the cable set to build the cabl
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Step 2. This command specifies whic
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AppleTalk FDDI IPX Token Ring VINES
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The IOS Command Line and Configurat
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disconnect Disconnect an existing n
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changes (user to privileged, for ex
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• Router(config)#hostname test-ro
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or • On 7x00 only, use: • •
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Null Null interface Tunnel Tunnel i
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Router(config)#ip rou? route routin
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Ctrl+P, up arrow Previous command i
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mop Copy from a MOP server (not ava
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Now let's see what is on the PCMCIA
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When copying any file, unless no pr
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Ethernet LANs with a dedicated T1 c
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Compiled Fri 03-Apr-98 07:00 by rna
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172.16.2.0 /25 172.16.2.128 /26 or
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Ridge-GW(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0
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In addition to their native protoco
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D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O -
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Configuring Dumb Terminal Service T
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Ctrl+Shift+6+X suspends a session).
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cornpops|Printer on Cisco termserve
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Concord-GW(config-if)#flowcontrol h
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The AUX port configuration for Ridg
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outer and enter the break sequence
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Setting the conf-reg Value in ROM M
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• Register setting 0x2010—Confi
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8. 9. Router#configure terminal 10.
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Router#config t Enter configuration
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-#- ED --type----crc--- -seek--nlen
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to xmodem or TFTP (2600 only) an IO
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Mountain Standard Time (MST) -7 Pac
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eference time is BB0FC7AA.95E93186
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in production for a little while. T
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use debug mode often. When using th
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uucp UNIX-to-UNIX copy system IOS a
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Log Management Logs are useless unl
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IOS Authentication and Accounting I
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hostnames (which can be corrected w
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$telnet 192.160.56.5 Trying 192.160
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In this example, the authentication
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makes it easier to configure, becau
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define what authentication type sho
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Caution should be taken when using
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pairs (similar to those used to cre
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• Using rommon and disaster recov
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In the following section, we review
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Deciding to Use a Routing Protocol
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Now, here is the qualifier: Not eve
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If RIP was the routing protocol for
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Distance Vector Protocols All routi
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space) based on a power of 2. Class
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address space), but you would run i
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destination address that falls with
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the different IP address spaces int
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Weaknesses of Static Routing Static
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Today, RIP is considered by some to
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RIP 192.124.32.0 /24 192.124.35.1 3
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All routers on the network keep tra
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RIP's Value Today RIP is old, it's
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• Better reliability—OSPF route
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Figure 8.10. Single- and multi-area
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• Internal routers—These router
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to the backbone. In Figure 8.13, al
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Figure 8.14. OSPF router designatio
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oundary routers. They describe netw
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outer's point of view. The path con
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Autonomous Systems and Exterior Rou
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Figure 8.16. The IGP to ERP handoff
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Figure 8.17. The BGP finite state m
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EGPs have been increasing in popula
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Chapter 9. Advanced Cisco Router Co
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specified ACL number range. Table 9
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default, all traffic is denied. Onl
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asbr-a2#config t Enter configuratio
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trying to build ACLs with the comma
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trace Multicast trace IGMP log Log
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Tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol
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access-list 100 permit tcp any 172.
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Table 9.5. AppleTalk ACL Filtering
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Figure 9.1. The AnyCo corporate App
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One word of caution: If you plan to
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You can also log hits on ports by a
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Table 9.8. Route-Map Operators for
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exists, a group identifier (which c
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hegel# With this configuration, bec
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NAT is commonly used in a fashion s
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The [prefix-length] or [netmask] se
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NAT's Shortcomings Although NAT is
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NOTE Administrators beware: Tunneli
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connects, the active key informatio
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encapsulation, framing, and line si
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asbr-a2(config-if)#ip address 172.1
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problem if you are provisioning ISD
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22:41:34: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
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POP mail request is made. Now let's
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leibniz(config-if)#backup interface
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When the primary link fails, the BR
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1.544Mbps. The actual transport lin
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the cost-effective and bandwidth-ef
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interface configuration subcommand
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it is possible to exchange packets
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interface serial0.2 point-to-point
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Figure 9.6. A multipoint FR example
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2. ATM encapsulation must be enable
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are commonly used in large-scale cl
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persephone(config)#interface atm 3/
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• The creation and application of
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Chapter 10. Configuring IP Routing
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After you have a list of requiremen
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Control commands: Displaying
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not active, it is quite common for
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Incoming update filter list for all
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When changing any IP routing behavi
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asbr-a1(config-if)#^Z asbr-a1# When
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For asbr-a2 to reach all the testne
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192.168.160.0/30 is subnetted, 1 su
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order to maintain computability wit
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Configuring Dynamic IGP and EGP IP
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passive-interface s1 By enabling th
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asbr-a1(config-router)#network 12.0
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To verify that the adjusted route m
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The command is a general routing p
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EIGRP, as I'm sure you have guessed
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No matter how the announcement entr
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Incoming update filter list for all
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is adjustable using the router con
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• IOS also supports various debu
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outers: • Backbone Routers—Thes
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process. The router would construct
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e1/1 192.168.9.0 fe0/0 192.168.0.0
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An alternative to this is to use th
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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Link State Age Interval is 00:20:00
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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to asbr-a1 was a remote office that
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interface Serial1 ip address 192.16
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which to exchange OSPF messages. Th
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OSPF Monitoring Commands Throughout
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• • • NOTE • will display
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Figure 10.4. AURP tunnel interfaces
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appletalk glean-packets hostname as
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For many users, the usefulness of B
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internal/Internet access router whe
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externally destined traffic arrives
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Routers asbr-a1/a2 and asbr-b1/b2 a
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BGP Reflectors An alternative to ha
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network 192.168.0.0 mask 255.255.25
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dynamic routing protocols are used
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Figure 10.8. An example network run
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Controlling Redistribution In some
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hostname ABR-a57 ! access-list 1 pe
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access-list 2 deny 10.0.1.0 access-
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Keep in mind that route-maps, li
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Chapter 11. Network Troubleshooting
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However, the most valuable tool of
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• Description of primary function
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of cable fault, different CSFSs are
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For Windows Systems, check out the
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command. On a Windows NT system, us
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#Do not change these variables logf
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# If any of the hosts fail to respo
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upgrade. So, when the time comes to
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throughput over time, instead of si
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protocol is the most prone to perfo
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NOTE When looking at network broadc
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NOTE Another common network error n
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and the physical ring segment that
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tolerances the frames, timing shift
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practical terms, this means that at
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etransmissions, however, usually ha
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4. Don't get lost in the big pictur
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• Link and services monitoring, n
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eports on network utilization, avai
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o Bandwidth utilization rates o Rat
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and improved management capabilitie
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After the supported SNMP version is
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Table 11.3. ASN.1 Keywords Used wit
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application-wide tags, which are us
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TestSequence ::= SEQUENCE { example
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The MIB-2 and RMON-MIB modules are
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iso.identfied-orgnaization.dod.inte
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accepted values are getRequest, get
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Spectrum is available in both UNIX
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Figure 11.8. Windows NT 4.0 SNMP Ag
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To access any of the NT SNMP agent
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The installation of the SNMP agent
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Figure 11.13. The Windows 95/98 Sel
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Figure 11.15. Locating the Windows
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Figure 11.17. The SNMP configuratio
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2. Scroll to Network Connectivity o
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sysLocation information, go to the
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example that just implements the ba
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protocol, service, and application
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RFC 1089 RFC 1147 RFC 1155 RFC 1157
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Appendix A. Binary Conversion Table
show all

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