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2. ATM encapsulation must be enabled on the serial interface, using the interface configuration subcommand : 3. 4. persephone(config)# interface serial0/0 5. persephone(config-if)#ip address 172.16.30.1 255.255.255.252 6. persephone(config-if)#ipx network 89990 7. persephone(config-if)#no shutdown 8. persephone(config-if)#encapsulation atm-dxi 9. 10. When enabled, the PVC's virtual channel identifier (VCI), virtual path identifier, and ATM encapsulation type are configured using . Cisco's ATM implementation will support Layer 3 network protocol transport using a distinct PVC for each network protocol with ATM encapsulation. Alternatively, all the Layer 3 protocols can be multiplexed across a single PVC using (the default for IOS 10.3 and later) encapsulation. Remember, the VCI and VPIs are only used locally, but do need to be distinct for each PVC. 11. Create Layer 3 protocol to ATM VCI/VPI maps. The maps associate a VCI/VPI with the remote Layer 3 address at the far end of the link. Protocol maps are created with the interface configuration subcommand . Layer 3 to VCI/VPI maps are required with all ATM PVC configurations. Now let's finish up the rest of our ATM-over-serial configuration: persephone(config-if)#dxi pvc 0 2 mux persephone(config-if)#dxi pvc 1 3 mux persephone(config-if)#dxi map ip 172.16.30.2 0 2 broadcast persephone(config-if)#dxi map ipx 89990.cc45.6783.345f 1 3 broadcast ATM-over-Interface Processors When configuring ATM over traditional serial interfaces, the PVC is configured on the ADSU, so only the VPI and VCI need to be created. On Cisco routers with ATM processors, PVCs need to be established between the ATM switch and the router. To create an ATM PVC, use the interface processor subcommand . The [vcd], or virtual
circuit descriptor, is the PVC ID used by the ATM switch and router to distinguish different PVCs. The [aal-encapsulation] command designates the ATM adaptation layer and encapsulation used with the PVC. The encapsulation choices are the same ones available with serial configuration. You should recall there are three ATM adaptation layers: AAL1, AAL3/4, and AAL5, the last of which is the best choice for most LAN/WAN environments. Let's look at a basic PVC configuration: orion(config)#interface atm0/0 orion(config-if)#172.16.56.2 255.255.255.252 orion(config-if)#atm pvc 2 2 31 all5mux When the interface is configured, it is also necessary to create Layer 3 to VCI/VPI mappings. However, with ATM interface processors, instead of creating and applying individual map entries as we would if this were an ATM serial interface, Layer 3 to VCI/VPI map entries are made into a map-list. Map-lists are created in the same fashion as ACLs: one entry per line. In the following example, we will finish configuring the ATM interface on orion, by creating and applying the ATM map-group. A map-list is created in global configuration mode using . After the list is created, entries are added using the map-list subcommand : orion(config)#map-list jupter orion(config)(config-map-list)# ip 172.16.56.1 atm vc 2 broadcast orion(config)(config-map-list)#exit orion(config)#interface atm0/0 orion(config-if)#map-group jupter orion(config-if)#exit orion(config)# After the map-list is created, it is applied to the interface—oddly enough, as a map-group—with the interface processor subcommand . Cisco supports ATM SVCs in fully meshed (point-to-point) and multipoint topologies. The idea behind SVCs is to provide a "bandwidth on demand" service model. SVCs
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Understanding the Network A Practic
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IOS Authentication and Accounting S
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About the Reviewers These reviewers
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Tell Us What You Think As the reade
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mostly dealt with interconnecting m
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• A short introduction to SNMP Ap
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In theory, a computer network can o
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Coaxial cable has a single solid co
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• Radio transmission—It is achi
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• Baseband transmission applies t
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Ring Topology Figure 1.3. The bus t
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Packets and frames are often used a
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Asynchronous transmission involves
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Figure 1.6. Collision handling unde
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In a ring topology, a token is pass
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Repeaters The repeater was introduc
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the network. If your 50-node networ
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Figure 1.12. A collection of nodes
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their destination, type, and conten
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shop, you are using Novell's Direct
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Figure 1.14. The OSI and Internet r
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Layer 7: Application This layer pro
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end-to-end, sequenced data delivery
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outer, the delivery path might be d
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and network transport is a very imp
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Figure 1.16. The "bottom up" commun
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Chapter 2. The Networker's Guide to
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Internet Society, a nonprofit organ
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• First, it performs translations
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Figure 2.2. The IP header. • Vers
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To assist in the reassembly process
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Figure 2.3. IP address classes comp
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taking the natural mask of the addr
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Classful Subnetting Examples The im
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21 2,000 8,000 255.255.248.0 22 1,0
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classful-based address space model.
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Table 2.6. Classless Network Addres
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NOTE Because CIDR is used for addre
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will connect in the future, it is b
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Routers are also called intermediat
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IP datagrams for which the local ho
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1. The Layer 3 to Layer 2 address m
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3. Router B—Router B receives the
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connected networks. Figure 2.11 ill
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Figure 2.12. A simple regional (ISP
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gw1, gw2, gw4 3 gw1, gw3, gw4 3 gw1
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Dynamic routing might not be requir
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The transport layer as a whole repr
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window to reflect changes in the pa
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The TCP Header The TCP header provi
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53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 67 BOO
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SNMP Simple Network Management Prot
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uses both TCP and UDP for service d
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RFC 974 Mail routing and the domain
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Figure 3.1. Physical versus logical
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Figure 3.2. The AppleTalk protocol
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AppleTalk Address Resolution Protoc
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of 400 microseconds, in addition to
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Along with the SAP, there is a 5-by
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delivery is a best-effort delivery
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• DDP checksum (long header only)
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eachable within the internetwork. T
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information from the router's other
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AppleTalk Update Based Routing Prot
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• type is the service classificat
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application layers. AppleTalk has n
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Figure 3.10. ZIP message formats. E
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Printer Access Protocol Printer Acc
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Figure 3.11. Novell (IPX) protocol
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The other nodes on the network that
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Figure 3.13. IPX datagram format.
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the cumulative information gleaned
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• Hop Count is the number of rout
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Upper Layer Protocols IPX is used t
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Msg.Add.Name Adds a unique name to
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Related RFCs RFC 1001 RFC 1002 RFC
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service enhancement or replacement
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Figure 4.1. The LLC interfaces in r
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it does not provide for error recov
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and smooth pattern flow enables MTL
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cabling, backbone length 800m Categ
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combination of light refraction and
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NOTE Cladding is the glass "shell"
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Ethernet The original Ethernet prot
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UTP telephone cabling infrastructur
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Since the introduction of the IEEE
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In the event that two Ethernet end-
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The 802.3 frame type used in Figure
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• Frame check sequence (4 bytes)
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• Physical layer signaling (PLS)
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cable segment length (for coaxial s
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transmission medium using BNC (Brit
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Figure 4.12. A basic 3-cable 10Base
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Figure 4.14. 10Base-T hub-to-hub in
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Figure 4.16. 10Base-T in a consulta
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• Support for full-duplex operati
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mechanisms, in terms of encoding an
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etween different PHY encoding imple
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100Base Ethernet) is based on the p
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The Gigabit PHY The Gigabit PHY con
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CSMA/CD is sensitive to operating r
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The main advantage of using FDR ove
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have to transmit against the priori
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• Ring timing maintenance—The A
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check the lobe cable. If the lobe t
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Token Ring addresses are expressed
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• Report Active Monitor Error (RA
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they first join the ring or in the
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Figure 4.22. The IBM type 1 MIC con
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FDDI Work on the Fiber Distributed
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However, all this comes at a cost,
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Figure 4.25. FDDI MAC data frame an
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topologies needed for the transmiss
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Chapter 5. WAN Internetworking Tech
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Placing a Call The functional model
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LATAs to provide local exchange ser
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The PSTN was originally designed fo
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sampling rate is 8,000 times per se
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Figure 5.1. A multiplexer from a lo
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Table 5.1. The American (DS) and In
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The M24/D4 frame standard is the ba
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contains consecutive ones and zeros
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• Line loopback/line build-out (L
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process. The T3 multiplexer adds st
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committee. The committee provided t
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The photonic layer defines the elec
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such as T1/E1, FDDI, and others. Th
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SS7 signaling components are connec
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SCCP operates as an OSI-RM Layer 3.
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WAN point-to-point links. It can be
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Figure 5.11. The ISDN protocol refe
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• The R interface acts as a point
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• Flag—This is an 8-bit (011111
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terminals attached to the ISDN swit
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X.25 networks are comprised of four
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Frame Relay, like the ISDN effort i
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• Flag—This functions as a fram
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Figure 5.17. the B-ISDN reference m
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environments is implemented using A
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endpoints. A Virtual Path Link (VPL
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ATM endpoints. The user adaptation
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1. The ATM end-device issues a setu
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Data-Link Framing Point-to-point de
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PPP PPP can provide multiprotocol d
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PPP Framing There are three HDLC fr
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• The HDLC and PPP data-link prot
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Chapter 6. Network Switches In this
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Figure 6.1. Partial and full mesh m
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protocol. Figure 6.3 illustrates th
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All hosts can see the traffic that
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To get a better understanding of th
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Figure 6.5. A bridged LAN with span
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support a path discovery method. So
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or performance limitations, network
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network data encryption, WAN reacha
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The Impact of Switching on Traditio
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• Switch backplane—Also referre
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Switch Port Flow Control In full-du
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In the event that the primary trunk
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Figure 6.9. Layer 2 collision domai
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Figure 6.10. Multiport repeaters an
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Figure 6.11. Distributed and collap
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utilization performance. To calcula
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Ideally, the goal of all switch and
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Cut-through uses the same technolog
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VLANs A switch that supports VLAN p
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MAC Address-Based VLANs Another com
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Figure 6.13. Switches running indep
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The configuration layer uses the Ge
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Layer 2 infrastructures to operate
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need. This method not only allocate
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transmitting and receiving. Without
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ATM-specific applications would be
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ATM private-class switches are comp
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Because both the VPI and VCI are us
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environment. The goal is to have La
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Broadcast and Unknown Server The Br
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Figure 6.15. An LEC and its VCC rel
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ATM hosts are accomplished by estab
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• VLANs • Full-duplex switch po
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Chapter 7. Introduction to Cisco Ro
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The 4000 series routers come in a t
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series routers, this partition can
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need to crimp the CAT 5 strands fol
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Use the cable set to build the cabl
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Step 2. This command specifies whic
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AppleTalk FDDI IPX Token Ring VINES
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The IOS Command Line and Configurat
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disconnect Disconnect an existing n
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changes (user to privileged, for ex
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• Router(config)#hostname test-ro
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or • On 7x00 only, use: • •
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Null Null interface Tunnel Tunnel i
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Router(config)#ip rou? route routin
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Ctrl+P, up arrow Previous command i
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mop Copy from a MOP server (not ava
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Now let's see what is on the PCMCIA
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When copying any file, unless no pr
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Ethernet LANs with a dedicated T1 c
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Compiled Fri 03-Apr-98 07:00 by rna
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172.16.2.0 /25 172.16.2.128 /26 or
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Ridge-GW(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0
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In addition to their native protoco
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D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O -
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Configuring Dumb Terminal Service T
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Ctrl+Shift+6+X suspends a session).
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cornpops|Printer on Cisco termserve
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Concord-GW(config-if)#flowcontrol h
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The AUX port configuration for Ridg
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outer and enter the break sequence
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Setting the conf-reg Value in ROM M
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• Register setting 0x2010—Confi
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8. 9. Router#configure terminal 10.
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Router#config t Enter configuration
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-#- ED --type----crc--- -seek--nlen
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to xmodem or TFTP (2600 only) an IO
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Mountain Standard Time (MST) -7 Pac
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eference time is BB0FC7AA.95E93186
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in production for a little while. T
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use debug mode often. When using th
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uucp UNIX-to-UNIX copy system IOS a
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Log Management Logs are useless unl
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IOS Authentication and Accounting I
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hostnames (which can be corrected w
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$telnet 192.160.56.5 Trying 192.160
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In this example, the authentication
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makes it easier to configure, becau
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define what authentication type sho
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Caution should be taken when using
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pairs (similar to those used to cre
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• Using rommon and disaster recov
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In the following section, we review
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Deciding to Use a Routing Protocol
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Now, here is the qualifier: Not eve
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If RIP was the routing protocol for
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Distance Vector Protocols All routi
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space) based on a power of 2. Class
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address space), but you would run i
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destination address that falls with
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the different IP address spaces int
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Weaknesses of Static Routing Static
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Today, RIP is considered by some to
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RIP 192.124.32.0 /24 192.124.35.1 3
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All routers on the network keep tra
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RIP's Value Today RIP is old, it's
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• Better reliability—OSPF route
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Figure 8.10. Single- and multi-area
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• Internal routers—These router
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to the backbone. In Figure 8.13, al
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Figure 8.14. OSPF router designatio
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oundary routers. They describe netw
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outer's point of view. The path con
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Autonomous Systems and Exterior Rou
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Figure 8.16. The IGP to ERP handoff
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Figure 8.17. The BGP finite state m
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EGPs have been increasing in popula
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Chapter 9. Advanced Cisco Router Co
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specified ACL number range. Table 9
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default, all traffic is denied. Onl
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asbr-a2#config t Enter configuratio
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trying to build ACLs with the comma
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trace Multicast trace IGMP log Log
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Tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol
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access-list 100 permit tcp any 172.
Page 534 and 535: Table 9.5. AppleTalk ACL Filtering
Page 536 and 537: Figure 9.1. The AnyCo corporate App
Page 538 and 539: One word of caution: If you plan to
Page 540 and 541: You can also log hits on ports by a
Page 542 and 543: Table 9.8. Route-Map Operators for
Page 544 and 545: exists, a group identifier (which c
Page 546 and 547: hegel# With this configuration, bec
Page 548 and 549: NAT is commonly used in a fashion s
Page 550 and 551: The [prefix-length] or [netmask] se
Page 552 and 553: NAT's Shortcomings Although NAT is
Page 554 and 555: NOTE Administrators beware: Tunneli
Page 556 and 557: connects, the active key informatio
Page 558 and 559: encapsulation, framing, and line si
Page 560 and 561: asbr-a2(config-if)#ip address 172.1
Page 562 and 563: problem if you are provisioning ISD
Page 564 and 565: 22:41:34: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
Page 566 and 567: POP mail request is made. Now let's
Page 568 and 569: leibniz(config-if)#backup interface
Page 570 and 571: When the primary link fails, the BR
Page 572 and 573: 1.544Mbps. The actual transport lin
Page 574 and 575: the cost-effective and bandwidth-ef
Page 576 and 577: interface configuration subcommand
Page 578 and 579: it is possible to exchange packets
Page 580 and 581: interface serial0.2 point-to-point
Page 582 and 583: Figure 9.6. A multipoint FR example
Page 586 and 587: are commonly used in large-scale cl
Page 588 and 589: persephone(config)#interface atm 3/
Page 590 and 591: • The creation and application of
Page 592 and 593: Chapter 10. Configuring IP Routing
Page 594 and 595: After you have a list of requiremen
Page 596 and 597: Control commands: Displaying
Page 598 and 599: not active, it is quite common for
Page 600 and 601: Incoming update filter list for all
Page 602 and 603: When changing any IP routing behavi
Page 604 and 605: asbr-a1(config-if)#^Z asbr-a1# When
Page 606 and 607: For asbr-a2 to reach all the testne
Page 608 and 609: 192.168.160.0/30 is subnetted, 1 su
Page 610 and 611: order to maintain computability wit
Page 612 and 613: Configuring Dynamic IGP and EGP IP
Page 614 and 615: passive-interface s1 By enabling th
Page 616 and 617: asbr-a1(config-router)#network 12.0
Page 618 and 619: To verify that the adjusted route m
Page 620 and 621: The command is a general routing p
Page 622 and 623: EIGRP, as I'm sure you have guessed
Page 624 and 625: No matter how the announcement entr
Page 626 and 627: Incoming update filter list for all
Page 628 and 629: is adjustable using the router con
Page 630 and 631: • IOS also supports various debu
Page 632 and 633: outers: • Backbone Routers—Thes
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process. The router would construct
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e1/1 192.168.9.0 fe0/0 192.168.0.0
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An alternative to this is to use th
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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Link State Age Interval is 00:20:00
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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to asbr-a1 was a remote office that
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interface Serial1 ip address 192.16
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which to exchange OSPF messages. Th
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OSPF Monitoring Commands Throughout
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• • • NOTE • will display
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Figure 10.4. AURP tunnel interfaces
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appletalk glean-packets hostname as
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For many users, the usefulness of B
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internal/Internet access router whe
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externally destined traffic arrives
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Routers asbr-a1/a2 and asbr-b1/b2 a
Page 668 and 669:
BGP Reflectors An alternative to ha
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network 192.168.0.0 mask 255.255.25
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dynamic routing protocols are used
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Figure 10.8. An example network run
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Controlling Redistribution In some
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hostname ABR-a57 ! access-list 1 pe
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access-list 2 deny 10.0.1.0 access-
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Keep in mind that route-maps, li
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Chapter 11. Network Troubleshooting
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However, the most valuable tool of
Page 688 and 689:
• Description of primary function
Page 690 and 691:
of cable fault, different CSFSs are
Page 692 and 693:
For Windows Systems, check out the
Page 694 and 695:
command. On a Windows NT system, us
Page 696 and 697:
#Do not change these variables logf
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# If any of the hosts fail to respo
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upgrade. So, when the time comes to
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throughput over time, instead of si
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protocol is the most prone to perfo
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NOTE When looking at network broadc
Page 708 and 709:
NOTE Another common network error n
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and the physical ring segment that
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tolerances the frames, timing shift
Page 714 and 715:
practical terms, this means that at
Page 716 and 717:
etransmissions, however, usually ha
Page 718 and 719:
4. Don't get lost in the big pictur
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• Link and services monitoring, n
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eports on network utilization, avai
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o Bandwidth utilization rates o Rat
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and improved management capabilitie
Page 728 and 729:
After the supported SNMP version is
Page 730 and 731:
Table 11.3. ASN.1 Keywords Used wit
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application-wide tags, which are us
Page 734 and 735:
TestSequence ::= SEQUENCE { example
Page 736 and 737:
The MIB-2 and RMON-MIB modules are
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iso.identfied-orgnaization.dod.inte
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accepted values are getRequest, get
Page 742 and 743:
Spectrum is available in both UNIX
Page 744 and 745:
Figure 11.8. Windows NT 4.0 SNMP Ag
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To access any of the NT SNMP agent
Page 748 and 749:
The installation of the SNMP agent
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Figure 11.13. The Windows 95/98 Sel
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Figure 11.15. Locating the Windows
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Figure 11.17. The SNMP configuratio
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2. Scroll to Network Connectivity o
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sysLocation information, go to the
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example that just implements the ba
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protocol, service, and application
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RFC 1089 RFC 1147 RFC 1155 RFC 1157
Page 766:
Appendix A. Binary Conversion Table
show all

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