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value, as the source and destination protocols must be the same in order to actually exchange data. The other part of the LLC header is the LLC control field, which indicates the LLC type and service class that should be used to deliver the Layer 3 data. The LLC control messages are used to send messages about the transmission of data between the source and destination end-stations. The LLC PDU is actually the "data" contained in the data field of the transmission packet, because the LLC PDU is used for both control messaging and the actual delivery of the Layer 3 datagrams. Three types of LLC data delivery services exist. Figure 4.2 illustrates the LLC PDU format. Figure 4.2. The LLC PDU. LLC Service Types and Classes The first LLC service, Type 1, provides unacknowledged connectionless data delivery. Type 1 is a best-effort delivery service. It offers no facilities for packet acknowledgement, flow control, or error recovery. No logical connection is established between the source and destination devices; rather, the source device sends the packet over a shared channel, where all the connected devices see the packet, but only the destination device accepts it. LLC Type 1 is the most commonly used LLC service, because most protocol suites have a reliable Layer 4 (transport) protocol. Type 1 LLC service is the fastest of all the LLC delivery services. LLC service Type 2 is a connection-oriented data transmission. LLC 2 requires that a logical connection be established between the source and destination devices. Data delivery still occurs over a shared channel, however. The connection is established by the source host when the first LLC PDU is sent. When it receives the LLC PDU, the destination host responds with the control message "LLC PDU," no data, just a connection acknowledgement. When connection is established, data can be sent until the connection is terminated. LLC command and LLC response LLC PDUs are exchanged between the source and destination during the transmission to acknowledge the delivery of data, establish flow control, and perform error recovery if needed. The transmissions of certain Layer 3 protocols require the use of LLC Type 2. The LLC Type 3 provides acknowledged connectionless data delivery. LLC Type 3 provides facilities for the establishment and termination of data delivery. However,
it does not provide for error recovery and uses a more primitive flow-control mechanism than LLC Type 2. The LLC station service class is determined by its capability to support different service types. All LLC stations can support class 1 service, which means they can support LLC Type 1 delivery. LLC class 2 service supports Type 1 and Type 2 delivery. Class 3 supports LLC Type 1 and Type 3 delivery. Class 4 stations can support all LLC service types. LAN Physical Layer Signaling, Encoding, and Transmission Media The purpose of signaling and encoding schemes is twofold. First, the schemes provide methods to allocate the available transmission medium's bandwidth. Second, they provide a signal formatting language of sorts so that signals transmitted across the medium will have some actual meaning and can be interpreted logically. Two types of signaling exist: baseband and broadband. LAN transmission protocols commonly utilize baseband signaling schemes, whereas WAN transport protocols tend toward broadband signaling. With broadband signaling, the bandwidth of the transmission medium is partitioned into different frequency ranges. Each frequency range represents a different channel, each of which can support an independent data transmission. Broadband signaling is more complex than baseband signaling because the transmission and receiving equipment needs to distinguish between different frequency ranges. Broadband transmission occurs by having an end-station convert its digital data into a specific frequency modulated signal, which is demodulated back into digital form by the listening end-stations. Baseband signaling is much simpler. All the transmission medium's bandwidth is used as one channel to transmit data. The advantage of baseband is that data can be transmitted in digital form, whereas with broadband, digital signals need to be modulated and demodulated. To transmit digital signals across the medium, DC current or light pulses are used to represent ones and zeros. In its most basic form, baseband signaling uses the presence of voltage or light to represent a one and the absence of voltage or light to represent a zero. NOTE In the case of Ethernet, there are PHY implementations that utilize both signaling schemes. It is for this reason that Ethernet PHY implementations contain either Base and Broad in their IEEE standard names. This identifies the type of transmission signaling used by the PHY implementation.
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Understanding the Network A Practic
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IOS Authentication and Accounting S
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About the Reviewers These reviewers
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Tell Us What You Think As the reade
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mostly dealt with interconnecting m
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• A short introduction to SNMP Ap
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In theory, a computer network can o
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Coaxial cable has a single solid co
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• Radio transmission—It is achi
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• Baseband transmission applies t
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Ring Topology Figure 1.3. The bus t
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Packets and frames are often used a
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Asynchronous transmission involves
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Figure 1.6. Collision handling unde
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In a ring topology, a token is pass
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Repeaters The repeater was introduc
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the network. If your 50-node networ
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Figure 1.12. A collection of nodes
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their destination, type, and conten
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shop, you are using Novell's Direct
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Figure 1.14. The OSI and Internet r
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Layer 7: Application This layer pro
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end-to-end, sequenced data delivery
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outer, the delivery path might be d
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and network transport is a very imp
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Figure 1.16. The "bottom up" commun
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Chapter 2. The Networker's Guide to
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Internet Society, a nonprofit organ
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• First, it performs translations
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Figure 2.2. The IP header. • Vers
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To assist in the reassembly process
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Figure 2.3. IP address classes comp
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taking the natural mask of the addr
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Classful Subnetting Examples The im
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21 2,000 8,000 255.255.248.0 22 1,0
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classful-based address space model.
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Table 2.6. Classless Network Addres
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NOTE Because CIDR is used for addre
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will connect in the future, it is b
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Routers are also called intermediat
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IP datagrams for which the local ho
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1. The Layer 3 to Layer 2 address m
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3. Router B—Router B receives the
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connected networks. Figure 2.11 ill
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Figure 2.12. A simple regional (ISP
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gw1, gw2, gw4 3 gw1, gw3, gw4 3 gw1
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Dynamic routing might not be requir
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The transport layer as a whole repr
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window to reflect changes in the pa
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The TCP Header The TCP header provi
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53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 67 BOO
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SNMP Simple Network Management Prot
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uses both TCP and UDP for service d
Page 108 and 109: RFC 974 Mail routing and the domain
Page 110 and 111: Figure 3.1. Physical versus logical
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3.2. The AppleTalk protocol
Page 114 and 115: AppleTalk Address Resolution Protoc
Page 116 and 117: of 400 microseconds, in addition to
Page 118 and 119: Along with the SAP, there is a 5-by
Page 120 and 121: delivery is a best-effort delivery
Page 122 and 123: • DDP checksum (long header only)
Page 124 and 125: eachable within the internetwork. T
Page 126 and 127: information from the router's other
Page 129 and 130: AppleTalk Update Based Routing Prot
Page 131 and 132: • type is the service classificat
Page 133 and 134: application layers. AppleTalk has n
Page 135 and 136: Figure 3.10. ZIP message formats. E
Page 137 and 138: Printer Access Protocol Printer Acc
Page 139 and 140: Figure 3.11. Novell (IPX) protocol
Page 141 and 142: The other nodes on the network that
Page 143 and 144: Figure 3.13. IPX datagram format.
Page 145 and 146: the cumulative information gleaned
Page 147 and 148: • Hop Count is the number of rout
Page 149 and 150: Upper Layer Protocols IPX is used t
Page 151 and 152: Msg.Add.Name Adds a unique name to
Page 153 and 154: Related RFCs RFC 1001 RFC 1002 RFC
Page 155 and 156: service enhancement or replacement
Page 157: Figure 4.1. The LLC interfaces in r
Page 161 and 162: and smooth pattern flow enables MTL
Page 163 and 164: cabling, backbone length 800m Categ
Page 165 and 166: combination of light refraction and
Page 167 and 168: NOTE Cladding is the glass "shell"
Page 169 and 170: Ethernet The original Ethernet prot
Page 171 and 172: UTP telephone cabling infrastructur
Page 173 and 174: Since the introduction of the IEEE
Page 175 and 176: In the event that two Ethernet end-
Page 177 and 178: The 802.3 frame type used in Figure
Page 179 and 180: • Frame check sequence (4 bytes)
Page 181 and 182: • Physical layer signaling (PLS)
Page 183 and 184: cable segment length (for coaxial s
Page 185 and 186: transmission medium using BNC (Brit
Page 187 and 188: Figure 4.12. A basic 3-cable 10Base
Page 189 and 190: Figure 4.14. 10Base-T hub-to-hub in
Page 191 and 192: Figure 4.16. 10Base-T in a consulta
Page 193 and 194: • Support for full-duplex operati
Page 195 and 196: mechanisms, in terms of encoding an
Page 197 and 198: etween different PHY encoding imple
Page 199 and 200: 100Base Ethernet) is based on the p
Page 201 and 202: The Gigabit PHY The Gigabit PHY con
Page 203 and 204: CSMA/CD is sensitive to operating r
Page 205 and 206: The main advantage of using FDR ove
Page 207 and 208: have to transmit against the priori
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• Ring timing maintenance—The A
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check the lobe cable. If the lobe t
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Token Ring addresses are expressed
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• Report Active Monitor Error (RA
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they first join the ring or in the
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Figure 4.22. The IBM type 1 MIC con
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FDDI Work on the Fiber Distributed
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However, all this comes at a cost,
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Figure 4.25. FDDI MAC data frame an
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topologies needed for the transmiss
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Chapter 5. WAN Internetworking Tech
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Placing a Call The functional model
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LATAs to provide local exchange ser
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The PSTN was originally designed fo
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sampling rate is 8,000 times per se
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Figure 5.1. A multiplexer from a lo
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Table 5.1. The American (DS) and In
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The M24/D4 frame standard is the ba
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contains consecutive ones and zeros
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• Line loopback/line build-out (L
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process. The T3 multiplexer adds st
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committee. The committee provided t
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The photonic layer defines the elec
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such as T1/E1, FDDI, and others. Th
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SS7 signaling components are connec
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SCCP operates as an OSI-RM Layer 3.
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WAN point-to-point links. It can be
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Figure 5.11. The ISDN protocol refe
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• The R interface acts as a point
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• Flag—This is an 8-bit (011111
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terminals attached to the ISDN swit
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X.25 networks are comprised of four
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Frame Relay, like the ISDN effort i
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• Flag—This functions as a fram
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Figure 5.17. the B-ISDN reference m
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environments is implemented using A
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endpoints. A Virtual Path Link (VPL
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ATM endpoints. The user adaptation
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1. The ATM end-device issues a setu
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Data-Link Framing Point-to-point de
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PPP PPP can provide multiprotocol d
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PPP Framing There are three HDLC fr
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• The HDLC and PPP data-link prot
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Chapter 6. Network Switches In this
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Figure 6.1. Partial and full mesh m
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protocol. Figure 6.3 illustrates th
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All hosts can see the traffic that
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To get a better understanding of th
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Figure 6.5. A bridged LAN with span
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support a path discovery method. So
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or performance limitations, network
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network data encryption, WAN reacha
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The Impact of Switching on Traditio
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• Switch backplane—Also referre
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Switch Port Flow Control In full-du
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In the event that the primary trunk
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Figure 6.9. Layer 2 collision domai
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Figure 6.10. Multiport repeaters an
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Figure 6.11. Distributed and collap
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utilization performance. To calcula
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Ideally, the goal of all switch and
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Cut-through uses the same technolog
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VLANs A switch that supports VLAN p
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MAC Address-Based VLANs Another com
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Figure 6.13. Switches running indep
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The configuration layer uses the Ge
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Layer 2 infrastructures to operate
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need. This method not only allocate
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transmitting and receiving. Without
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ATM-specific applications would be
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ATM private-class switches are comp
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Because both the VPI and VCI are us
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environment. The goal is to have La
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Broadcast and Unknown Server The Br
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Figure 6.15. An LEC and its VCC rel
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ATM hosts are accomplished by estab
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• VLANs • Full-duplex switch po
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Chapter 7. Introduction to Cisco Ro
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The 4000 series routers come in a t
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series routers, this partition can
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need to crimp the CAT 5 strands fol
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Use the cable set to build the cabl
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Step 2. This command specifies whic
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AppleTalk FDDI IPX Token Ring VINES
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The IOS Command Line and Configurat
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disconnect Disconnect an existing n
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changes (user to privileged, for ex
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• Router(config)#hostname test-ro
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or • On 7x00 only, use: • •
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Null Null interface Tunnel Tunnel i
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Router(config)#ip rou? route routin
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Ctrl+P, up arrow Previous command i
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mop Copy from a MOP server (not ava
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Now let's see what is on the PCMCIA
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When copying any file, unless no pr
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Ethernet LANs with a dedicated T1 c
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Compiled Fri 03-Apr-98 07:00 by rna
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172.16.2.0 /25 172.16.2.128 /26 or
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Ridge-GW(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0
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In addition to their native protoco
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D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O -
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Configuring Dumb Terminal Service T
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Ctrl+Shift+6+X suspends a session).
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cornpops|Printer on Cisco termserve
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Concord-GW(config-if)#flowcontrol h
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The AUX port configuration for Ridg
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outer and enter the break sequence
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Setting the conf-reg Value in ROM M
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• Register setting 0x2010—Confi
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8. 9. Router#configure terminal 10.
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Router#config t Enter configuration
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-#- ED --type----crc--- -seek--nlen
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to xmodem or TFTP (2600 only) an IO
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Mountain Standard Time (MST) -7 Pac
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eference time is BB0FC7AA.95E93186
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in production for a little while. T
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use debug mode often. When using th
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uucp UNIX-to-UNIX copy system IOS a
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Log Management Logs are useless unl
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IOS Authentication and Accounting I
Page 451 and 452:
hostnames (which can be corrected w
Page 453 and 454:
$telnet 192.160.56.5 Trying 192.160
Page 455 and 456:
In this example, the authentication
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makes it easier to configure, becau
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define what authentication type sho
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Caution should be taken when using
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pairs (similar to those used to cre
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• Using rommon and disaster recov
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In the following section, we review
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Deciding to Use a Routing Protocol
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Now, here is the qualifier: Not eve
Page 473 and 474:
If RIP was the routing protocol for
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Distance Vector Protocols All routi
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space) based on a power of 2. Class
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address space), but you would run i
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destination address that falls with
Page 483 and 484:
the different IP address spaces int
Page 485 and 486:
Weaknesses of Static Routing Static
Page 487 and 488:
Today, RIP is considered by some to
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RIP 192.124.32.0 /24 192.124.35.1 3
Page 491 and 492:
All routers on the network keep tra
Page 493 and 494:
RIP's Value Today RIP is old, it's
Page 495 and 496:
• Better reliability—OSPF route
Page 497 and 498:
Figure 8.10. Single- and multi-area
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• Internal routers—These router
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to the backbone. In Figure 8.13, al
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Figure 8.14. OSPF router designatio
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oundary routers. They describe netw
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outer's point of view. The path con
Page 509 and 510:
Autonomous Systems and Exterior Rou
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Figure 8.16. The IGP to ERP handoff
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Figure 8.17. The BGP finite state m
Page 516 and 517:
EGPs have been increasing in popula
Page 518 and 519:
Chapter 9. Advanced Cisco Router Co
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specified ACL number range. Table 9
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default, all traffic is denied. Onl
Page 524 and 525:
asbr-a2#config t Enter configuratio
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trying to build ACLs with the comma
Page 528 and 529:
trace Multicast trace IGMP log Log
Page 530 and 531:
Tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Page 532 and 533:
access-list 100 permit tcp any 172.
Page 534 and 535:
Table 9.5. AppleTalk ACL Filtering
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Figure 9.1. The AnyCo corporate App
Page 538 and 539:
One word of caution: If you plan to
Page 540 and 541:
You can also log hits on ports by a
Page 542 and 543:
Table 9.8. Route-Map Operators for
Page 544 and 545:
exists, a group identifier (which c
Page 546 and 547:
hegel# With this configuration, bec
Page 548 and 549:
NAT is commonly used in a fashion s
Page 550 and 551:
The [prefix-length] or [netmask] se
Page 552 and 553:
NAT's Shortcomings Although NAT is
Page 554 and 555:
NOTE Administrators beware: Tunneli
Page 556 and 557:
connects, the active key informatio
Page 558 and 559:
encapsulation, framing, and line si
Page 560 and 561:
asbr-a2(config-if)#ip address 172.1
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problem if you are provisioning ISD
Page 564 and 565:
22:41:34: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
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POP mail request is made. Now let's
Page 568 and 569:
leibniz(config-if)#backup interface
Page 570 and 571:
When the primary link fails, the BR
Page 572 and 573:
1.544Mbps. The actual transport lin
Page 574 and 575:
the cost-effective and bandwidth-ef
Page 576 and 577:
interface configuration subcommand
Page 578 and 579:
it is possible to exchange packets
Page 580 and 581:
interface serial0.2 point-to-point
Page 582 and 583:
Figure 9.6. A multipoint FR example
Page 584 and 585:
2. ATM encapsulation must be enable
Page 586 and 587:
are commonly used in large-scale cl
Page 588 and 589:
persephone(config)#interface atm 3/
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• The creation and application of
Page 592 and 593:
Chapter 10. Configuring IP Routing
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After you have a list of requiremen
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Control commands: Displaying
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not active, it is quite common for
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Incoming update filter list for all
Page 602 and 603:
When changing any IP routing behavi
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asbr-a1(config-if)#^Z asbr-a1# When
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For asbr-a2 to reach all the testne
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192.168.160.0/30 is subnetted, 1 su
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order to maintain computability wit
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Configuring Dynamic IGP and EGP IP
Page 614 and 615:
passive-interface s1 By enabling th
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asbr-a1(config-router)#network 12.0
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To verify that the adjusted route m
Page 620 and 621:
The command is a general routing p
Page 622 and 623:
EIGRP, as I'm sure you have guessed
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No matter how the announcement entr
Page 626 and 627:
Incoming update filter list for all
Page 628 and 629:
is adjustable using the router con
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• IOS also supports various debu
Page 632 and 633:
outers: • Backbone Routers—Thes
Page 634 and 635:
process. The router would construct
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e1/1 192.168.9.0 fe0/0 192.168.0.0
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An alternative to this is to use th
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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Link State Age Interval is 00:20:00
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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to asbr-a1 was a remote office that
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interface Serial1 ip address 192.16
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which to exchange OSPF messages. Th
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OSPF Monitoring Commands Throughout
Page 654 and 655:
• • • NOTE • will display
Page 656 and 657:
Figure 10.4. AURP tunnel interfaces
Page 658 and 659:
appletalk glean-packets hostname as
Page 660 and 661:
For many users, the usefulness of B
Page 662 and 663:
internal/Internet access router whe
Page 664 and 665:
externally destined traffic arrives
Page 666 and 667:
Routers asbr-a1/a2 and asbr-b1/b2 a
Page 668 and 669:
BGP Reflectors An alternative to ha
Page 670 and 671:
network 192.168.0.0 mask 255.255.25
Page 672 and 673:
dynamic routing protocols are used
Page 674 and 675:
Figure 10.8. An example network run
Page 676 and 677:
Controlling Redistribution In some
Page 678 and 679:
hostname ABR-a57 ! access-list 1 pe
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access-list 2 deny 10.0.1.0 access-
Page 682 and 683:
Keep in mind that route-maps, li
Page 684 and 685:
Chapter 11. Network Troubleshooting
Page 686 and 687:
However, the most valuable tool of
Page 688 and 689:
• Description of primary function
Page 690 and 691:
of cable fault, different CSFSs are
Page 692 and 693:
For Windows Systems, check out the
Page 694 and 695:
command. On a Windows NT system, us
Page 696 and 697:
#Do not change these variables logf
Page 698 and 699:
# If any of the hosts fail to respo
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upgrade. So, when the time comes to
Page 702 and 703:
throughput over time, instead of si
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protocol is the most prone to perfo
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NOTE When looking at network broadc
Page 708 and 709:
NOTE Another common network error n
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and the physical ring segment that
Page 712 and 713:
tolerances the frames, timing shift
Page 714 and 715:
practical terms, this means that at
Page 716 and 717:
etransmissions, however, usually ha
Page 718 and 719:
4. Don't get lost in the big pictur
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• Link and services monitoring, n
Page 722 and 723:
eports on network utilization, avai
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o Bandwidth utilization rates o Rat
Page 726 and 727:
and improved management capabilitie
Page 728 and 729:
After the supported SNMP version is
Page 730 and 731:
Table 11.3. ASN.1 Keywords Used wit
Page 732 and 733:
application-wide tags, which are us
Page 734 and 735:
TestSequence ::= SEQUENCE { example
Page 736 and 737:
The MIB-2 and RMON-MIB modules are
Page 738 and 739:
iso.identfied-orgnaization.dod.inte
Page 740 and 741:
accepted values are getRequest, get
Page 742 and 743:
Spectrum is available in both UNIX
Page 744 and 745:
Figure 11.8. Windows NT 4.0 SNMP Ag
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To access any of the NT SNMP agent
Page 748 and 749:
The installation of the SNMP agent
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Figure 11.13. The Windows 95/98 Sel
Page 752 and 753:
Figure 11.15. Locating the Windows
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Figure 11.17. The SNMP configuratio
Page 756 and 757:
2. Scroll to Network Connectivity o
Page 758 and 759:
sysLocation information, go to the
Page 760 and 761:
example that just implements the ba
Page 762 and 763:
protocol, service, and application
Page 764 and 765:
RFC 1089 RFC 1147 RFC 1155 RFC 1157
Page 766:
Appendix A. Binary Conversion Table
show all

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