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Ridge-GW(config-if)#ipx update interval rip changes-only Ridge-GW(config-if)#ipx update interval sap changes-only In the example above, the command instructs the router to only send RIP and SAP updates when changes occur. This approach reduces traffic on WAN links and places the RIP/SAP information distribution responsibility on the local servers. NOTE To see information about the interfaces that are running AppleTalk and IPX, two commands are available. To view interface-specific information, use for AppleTalk and for IPX. If an interface summary is all you need, you can use for AppleTalk and for IPX. Viewing Routing Tables After your interfaces are configured, you may want to see the routing tables of the various protocols you have running on your router. Like everything else on a Cisco router, if you want to see something, a variation of the command is used. To see the IP routing table, use the privileged EXEC command . Here is the IP routing from the Concord router: Concord-GW#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is 172.16.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0 172.16.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets C 172.16.1.0/25 is directly connected, Serial0/0 C 172.16.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0 S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 172.16.1.1 Concord-GW# To see AppleTalk routing information, two privileged EXEC commands are used, and . Here is Ridgefield's AppleTalk routing information: Ridge-GW#show appletalk route Codes: R - RTMP derived, E - EIGRP derived, C - connected, A - AURP S - static P - proxy 3 routes in internet The first zone listed for each entry is its default (primary) zone. C Net 33-34 directly connected, Ethernet0, zone research Additional zones: 'FrontOffice' C Net 2-2 directly connected, serial0, zone crossover R Net 31-31 Here is the WidgetCo AppleTalk zone information: Ridge-GW#sh apple zone Name Network(s) FrontOffice 33-33 research 33-33 crossover 2-2
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Understanding the Network A Practic
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IOS Authentication and Accounting S
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About the Reviewers These reviewers
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Tell Us What You Think As the reade
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mostly dealt with interconnecting m
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• A short introduction to SNMP Ap
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In theory, a computer network can o
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Coaxial cable has a single solid co
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• Radio transmission—It is achi
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• Baseband transmission applies t
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Ring Topology Figure 1.3. The bus t
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Packets and frames are often used a
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Asynchronous transmission involves
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Figure 1.6. Collision handling unde
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In a ring topology, a token is pass
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Repeaters The repeater was introduc
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the network. If your 50-node networ
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Figure 1.12. A collection of nodes
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their destination, type, and conten
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shop, you are using Novell's Direct
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Figure 1.14. The OSI and Internet r
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Layer 7: Application This layer pro
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end-to-end, sequenced data delivery
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outer, the delivery path might be d
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and network transport is a very imp
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Figure 1.16. The "bottom up" commun
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Chapter 2. The Networker's Guide to
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Internet Society, a nonprofit organ
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• First, it performs translations
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Figure 2.2. The IP header. • Vers
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To assist in the reassembly process
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Figure 2.3. IP address classes comp
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taking the natural mask of the addr
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Classful Subnetting Examples The im
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21 2,000 8,000 255.255.248.0 22 1,0
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classful-based address space model.
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Table 2.6. Classless Network Addres
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NOTE Because CIDR is used for addre
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will connect in the future, it is b
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Routers are also called intermediat
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IP datagrams for which the local ho
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1. The Layer 3 to Layer 2 address m
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3. Router B—Router B receives the
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connected networks. Figure 2.11 ill
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Figure 2.12. A simple regional (ISP
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gw1, gw2, gw4 3 gw1, gw3, gw4 3 gw1
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Dynamic routing might not be requir
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The transport layer as a whole repr
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window to reflect changes in the pa
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The TCP Header The TCP header provi
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53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 67 BOO
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SNMP Simple Network Management Prot
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uses both TCP and UDP for service d
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RFC 974 Mail routing and the domain
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Figure 3.1. Physical versus logical
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Figure 3.2. The AppleTalk protocol
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AppleTalk Address Resolution Protoc
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of 400 microseconds, in addition to
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Along with the SAP, there is a 5-by
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delivery is a best-effort delivery
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• DDP checksum (long header only)
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eachable within the internetwork. T
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information from the router's other
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AppleTalk Update Based Routing Prot
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• type is the service classificat
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application layers. AppleTalk has n
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Figure 3.10. ZIP message formats. E
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Printer Access Protocol Printer Acc
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Figure 3.11. Novell (IPX) protocol
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The other nodes on the network that
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Figure 3.13. IPX datagram format.
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the cumulative information gleaned
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• Hop Count is the number of rout
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Upper Layer Protocols IPX is used t
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Msg.Add.Name Adds a unique name to
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Related RFCs RFC 1001 RFC 1002 RFC
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service enhancement or replacement
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Figure 4.1. The LLC interfaces in r
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it does not provide for error recov
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and smooth pattern flow enables MTL
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cabling, backbone length 800m Categ
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combination of light refraction and
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NOTE Cladding is the glass "shell"
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Ethernet The original Ethernet prot
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UTP telephone cabling infrastructur
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Since the introduction of the IEEE
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In the event that two Ethernet end-
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The 802.3 frame type used in Figure
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• Frame check sequence (4 bytes)
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• Physical layer signaling (PLS)
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cable segment length (for coaxial s
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transmission medium using BNC (Brit
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Figure 4.12. A basic 3-cable 10Base
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Figure 4.14. 10Base-T hub-to-hub in
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Figure 4.16. 10Base-T in a consulta
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• Support for full-duplex operati
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mechanisms, in terms of encoding an
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etween different PHY encoding imple
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100Base Ethernet) is based on the p
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The Gigabit PHY The Gigabit PHY con
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CSMA/CD is sensitive to operating r
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The main advantage of using FDR ove
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have to transmit against the priori
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• Ring timing maintenance—The A
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check the lobe cable. If the lobe t
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Token Ring addresses are expressed
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• Report Active Monitor Error (RA
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they first join the ring or in the
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Figure 4.22. The IBM type 1 MIC con
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FDDI Work on the Fiber Distributed
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However, all this comes at a cost,
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Figure 4.25. FDDI MAC data frame an
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topologies needed for the transmiss
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Chapter 5. WAN Internetworking Tech
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Placing a Call The functional model
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LATAs to provide local exchange ser
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The PSTN was originally designed fo
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sampling rate is 8,000 times per se
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Figure 5.1. A multiplexer from a lo
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Table 5.1. The American (DS) and In
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The M24/D4 frame standard is the ba
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contains consecutive ones and zeros
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• Line loopback/line build-out (L
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process. The T3 multiplexer adds st
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committee. The committee provided t
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The photonic layer defines the elec
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such as T1/E1, FDDI, and others. Th
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SS7 signaling components are connec
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SCCP operates as an OSI-RM Layer 3.
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WAN point-to-point links. It can be
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Figure 5.11. The ISDN protocol refe
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• The R interface acts as a point
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• Flag—This is an 8-bit (011111
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terminals attached to the ISDN swit
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X.25 networks are comprised of four
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Frame Relay, like the ISDN effort i
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• Flag—This functions as a fram
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Figure 5.17. the B-ISDN reference m
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environments is implemented using A
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endpoints. A Virtual Path Link (VPL
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ATM endpoints. The user adaptation
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1. The ATM end-device issues a setu
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Data-Link Framing Point-to-point de
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PPP PPP can provide multiprotocol d
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PPP Framing There are three HDLC fr
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• The HDLC and PPP data-link prot
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Chapter 6. Network Switches In this
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Figure 6.1. Partial and full mesh m
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protocol. Figure 6.3 illustrates th
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All hosts can see the traffic that
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To get a better understanding of th
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Figure 6.5. A bridged LAN with span
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support a path discovery method. So
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or performance limitations, network
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network data encryption, WAN reacha
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The Impact of Switching on Traditio
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• Switch backplane—Also referre
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Switch Port Flow Control In full-du
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In the event that the primary trunk
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Figure 6.9. Layer 2 collision domai
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Figure 6.10. Multiport repeaters an
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Figure 6.11. Distributed and collap
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utilization performance. To calcula
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Ideally, the goal of all switch and
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Cut-through uses the same technolog
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VLANs A switch that supports VLAN p
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MAC Address-Based VLANs Another com
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Figure 6.13. Switches running indep
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The configuration layer uses the Ge
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Layer 2 infrastructures to operate
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need. This method not only allocate
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transmitting and receiving. Without
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ATM-specific applications would be
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ATM private-class switches are comp
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Because both the VPI and VCI are us
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environment. The goal is to have La
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Broadcast and Unknown Server The Br
Page 357 and 358: Figure 6.15. An LEC and its VCC rel
Page 359 and 360: ATM hosts are accomplished by estab
Page 361 and 362: • VLANs • Full-duplex switch po
Page 363 and 364: Chapter 7. Introduction to Cisco Ro
Page 365 and 366: The 4000 series routers come in a t
Page 367 and 368: series routers, this partition can
Page 369 and 370: need to crimp the CAT 5 strands fol
Page 371 and 372: Use the cable set to build the cabl
Page 373 and 374: Step 2. This command specifies whic
Page 375 and 376: AppleTalk FDDI IPX Token Ring VINES
Page 377 and 378: The IOS Command Line and Configurat
Page 379 and 380: disconnect Disconnect an existing n
Page 381 and 382: changes (user to privileged, for ex
Page 383 and 384: • Router(config)#hostname test-ro
Page 385 and 386: or • On 7x00 only, use: • •
Page 387 and 388: Null Null interface Tunnel Tunnel i
Page 389 and 390: Router(config)#ip rou? route routin
Page 391 and 392: Ctrl+P, up arrow Previous command i
Page 393 and 394: mop Copy from a MOP server (not ava
Page 395 and 396: Now let's see what is on the PCMCIA
Page 397 and 398: When copying any file, unless no pr
Page 399 and 400: Ethernet LANs with a dedicated T1 c
Page 401 and 402: Compiled Fri 03-Apr-98 07:00 by rna
Page 403 and 404: 172.16.2.0 /25 172.16.2.128 /26 or
Page 405 and 406: Ridge-GW(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0
Page 407: In addition to their native protoco
Page 411 and 412: Configuring Dumb Terminal Service T
Page 413 and 414: Ctrl+Shift+6+X suspends a session).
Page 415 and 416: cornpops|Printer on Cisco termserve
Page 417 and 418: Concord-GW(config-if)#flowcontrol h
Page 419 and 420: The AUX port configuration for Ridg
Page 421 and 422: outer and enter the break sequence
Page 423 and 424: Setting the conf-reg Value in ROM M
Page 425 and 426: • Register setting 0x2010—Confi
Page 427 and 428: 8. 9. Router#configure terminal 10.
Page 429 and 430: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 431 and 432: Router#config t Enter configuration
Page 433 and 434: -#- ED --type----crc--- -seek--nlen
Page 435 and 436: to xmodem or TFTP (2600 only) an IO
Page 437 and 438: Mountain Standard Time (MST) -7 Pac
Page 439 and 440: eference time is BB0FC7AA.95E93186
Page 441 and 442: in production for a little while. T
Page 443 and 444: use debug mode often. When using th
Page 445 and 446: uucp UNIX-to-UNIX copy system IOS a
Page 447 and 448: Log Management Logs are useless unl
Page 449 and 450: IOS Authentication and Accounting I
Page 451 and 452: hostnames (which can be corrected w
Page 453 and 454: $telnet 192.160.56.5 Trying 192.160
Page 455 and 456: In this example, the authentication
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define what authentication type sho
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Caution should be taken when using
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pairs (similar to those used to cre
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• Using rommon and disaster recov
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In the following section, we review
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Deciding to Use a Routing Protocol
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Now, here is the qualifier: Not eve
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If RIP was the routing protocol for
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Distance Vector Protocols All routi
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space) based on a power of 2. Class
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address space), but you would run i
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destination address that falls with
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the different IP address spaces int
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Weaknesses of Static Routing Static
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Today, RIP is considered by some to
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RIP 192.124.32.0 /24 192.124.35.1 3
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All routers on the network keep tra
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RIP's Value Today RIP is old, it's
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• Better reliability—OSPF route
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Figure 8.10. Single- and multi-area
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• Internal routers—These router
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to the backbone. In Figure 8.13, al
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Figure 8.14. OSPF router designatio
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oundary routers. They describe netw
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outer's point of view. The path con
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Autonomous Systems and Exterior Rou
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Figure 8.16. The IGP to ERP handoff
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Figure 8.17. The BGP finite state m
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EGPs have been increasing in popula
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Chapter 9. Advanced Cisco Router Co
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specified ACL number range. Table 9
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default, all traffic is denied. Onl
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asbr-a2#config t Enter configuratio
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trying to build ACLs with the comma
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trace Multicast trace IGMP log Log
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Tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol
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access-list 100 permit tcp any 172.
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Table 9.5. AppleTalk ACL Filtering
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Figure 9.1. The AnyCo corporate App
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One word of caution: If you plan to
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You can also log hits on ports by a
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Table 9.8. Route-Map Operators for
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exists, a group identifier (which c
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hegel# With this configuration, bec
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NAT is commonly used in a fashion s
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The [prefix-length] or [netmask] se
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NAT's Shortcomings Although NAT is
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NOTE Administrators beware: Tunneli
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connects, the active key informatio
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encapsulation, framing, and line si
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asbr-a2(config-if)#ip address 172.1
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problem if you are provisioning ISD
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22:41:34: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
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POP mail request is made. Now let's
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leibniz(config-if)#backup interface
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When the primary link fails, the BR
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1.544Mbps. The actual transport lin
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the cost-effective and bandwidth-ef
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interface configuration subcommand
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it is possible to exchange packets
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interface serial0.2 point-to-point
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Figure 9.6. A multipoint FR example
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2. ATM encapsulation must be enable
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are commonly used in large-scale cl
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persephone(config)#interface atm 3/
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• The creation and application of
Page 592 and 593:
Chapter 10. Configuring IP Routing
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After you have a list of requiremen
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Control commands: Displaying
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not active, it is quite common for
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Incoming update filter list for all
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When changing any IP routing behavi
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asbr-a1(config-if)#^Z asbr-a1# When
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For asbr-a2 to reach all the testne
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192.168.160.0/30 is subnetted, 1 su
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order to maintain computability wit
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Configuring Dynamic IGP and EGP IP
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passive-interface s1 By enabling th
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asbr-a1(config-router)#network 12.0
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To verify that the adjusted route m
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The command is a general routing p
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EIGRP, as I'm sure you have guessed
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No matter how the announcement entr
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Incoming update filter list for all
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is adjustable using the router con
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• IOS also supports various debu
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outers: • Backbone Routers—Thes
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process. The router would construct
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e1/1 192.168.9.0 fe0/0 192.168.0.0
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An alternative to this is to use th
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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Link State Age Interval is 00:20:00
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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to asbr-a1 was a remote office that
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interface Serial1 ip address 192.16
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which to exchange OSPF messages. Th
Page 652 and 653:
OSPF Monitoring Commands Throughout
Page 654 and 655:
• • • NOTE • will display
Page 656 and 657:
Figure 10.4. AURP tunnel interfaces
Page 658 and 659:
appletalk glean-packets hostname as
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For many users, the usefulness of B
Page 662 and 663:
internal/Internet access router whe
Page 664 and 665:
externally destined traffic arrives
Page 666 and 667:
Routers asbr-a1/a2 and asbr-b1/b2 a
Page 668 and 669:
BGP Reflectors An alternative to ha
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network 192.168.0.0 mask 255.255.25
Page 672 and 673:
dynamic routing protocols are used
Page 674 and 675:
Figure 10.8. An example network run
Page 676 and 677:
Controlling Redistribution In some
Page 678 and 679:
hostname ABR-a57 ! access-list 1 pe
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access-list 2 deny 10.0.1.0 access-
Page 682 and 683:
Keep in mind that route-maps, li
Page 684 and 685:
Chapter 11. Network Troubleshooting
Page 686 and 687:
However, the most valuable tool of
Page 688 and 689:
• Description of primary function
Page 690 and 691:
of cable fault, different CSFSs are
Page 692 and 693:
For Windows Systems, check out the
Page 694 and 695:
command. On a Windows NT system, us
Page 696 and 697:
#Do not change these variables logf
Page 698 and 699:
# If any of the hosts fail to respo
Page 700 and 701:
upgrade. So, when the time comes to
Page 702 and 703:
throughput over time, instead of si
Page 704 and 705:
protocol is the most prone to perfo
Page 706 and 707:
NOTE When looking at network broadc
Page 708 and 709:
NOTE Another common network error n
Page 710 and 711:
and the physical ring segment that
Page 712 and 713:
tolerances the frames, timing shift
Page 714 and 715:
practical terms, this means that at
Page 716 and 717:
etransmissions, however, usually ha
Page 718 and 719:
4. Don't get lost in the big pictur
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• Link and services monitoring, n
Page 722 and 723:
eports on network utilization, avai
Page 724 and 725:
o Bandwidth utilization rates o Rat
Page 726 and 727:
and improved management capabilitie
Page 728 and 729:
After the supported SNMP version is
Page 730 and 731:
Table 11.3. ASN.1 Keywords Used wit
Page 732 and 733:
application-wide tags, which are us
Page 734 and 735:
TestSequence ::= SEQUENCE { example
Page 736 and 737:
The MIB-2 and RMON-MIB modules are
Page 738 and 739:
iso.identfied-orgnaization.dod.inte
Page 740 and 741:
accepted values are getRequest, get
Page 742 and 743:
Spectrum is available in both UNIX
Page 744 and 745:
Figure 11.8. Windows NT 4.0 SNMP Ag
Page 746 and 747:
To access any of the NT SNMP agent
Page 748 and 749:
The installation of the SNMP agent
Page 750 and 751:
Figure 11.13. The Windows 95/98 Sel
Page 752 and 753:
Figure 11.15. Locating the Windows
Page 754 and 755:
Figure 11.17. The SNMP configuratio
Page 756 and 757:
2. Scroll to Network Connectivity o
Page 758 and 759:
sysLocation information, go to the
Page 760 and 761:
example that just implements the ba
Page 762 and 763:
protocol, service, and application
Page 764 and 765:
RFC 1089 RFC 1147 RFC 1155 RFC 1157
Page 766:
Appendix A. Binary Conversion Table
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