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AppleTalk Data-Stream Protocol AppleTalk Data-Stream Protocol (ADSP) is used to provide reliable full-duplex data transmission for client/server socket data delivery. ADSP is directly encapsulated into DDP datagrams, and provides facilities for flow control and packet sequencing. ADSP data exchange requires a socket-to-socket connection stream to be established before data can be exchanged. If either node drops or is unable to establish the stream connection, the session is dropped. To establish communication sessions, ADSP uses control packets, which are used for connection-related processes such as opening or closing connections, retransmission requests, or connection acknowledgment. Data is sent in ADSP data packets. Out of data flow messaging is also available and is accomplished with ADSP message packets. Each packet uses a specific ADSP header, and all are transported inside of DDP datagrams. To ensure proper packet data sequencing, ADSP uses a 32-bit sequence number along with a packet identifier for each packet. If the sequence number and packet identifier do not coincide, the packet is dropped. Flow control is achieved by the destination sending periodic updates to the sender on the amount of available buffer space. This value is known as the reception window size. AppleTalk Session Protocol AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) provides a connection-oriented facility to exchange multiplexed client/server session communications. ASP is used between clients and servers to exchange session commands. Clients'commands are delivered in sequential order to servers who use ASP to return command results. ASP, however, provides no means to ensure that the server executes them consecutively. ASP operates as a multiplexed process, providing servers with the means to maintain multiple client sessions at the same time. The server has no means for sending commands to the client. Only an attention mechanism is available to the server to notify the client if any action is required on its behalf. ASP uses ATP for transport and NBP for service socket identification.
Printer Access Protocol Printer Access Protocol (PAP) is used for client/server to printer communication. It performs connection setup and tear down, as well as data transfer. ATP is used as the transport protocol and NBP (like ASP) is used for service (socket) addressing. PAP transactions are time-based, as ATP is used as the transport mechanism. PAP will maintain half-open connections for the duration of the timeout. After a connection expires, the session is terminated. Because AppleTalk printing is a device direct activity, PAP provides for a keepalive facility. Tickle packets are sent periodically from the clients with open sessions to maintain the connection and ensure that the printer is online and processing requests. Presentation Layer Protocols AppleTalk uses two protocols, AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) and PostScript, for translating data responses (lower layer protocol) and requests (application layer) into a common data encoding language. AFP is used for client remote file access. AFP is a command translator that takes native file system calls and translates them into AFP calls that the server understands. PostScript is a stack-based page-description language used by printers and applications to mathematically describe objects. Apple QuickDraw is the native page-description language used to display Macintosh characters and graphics and is also used for printing to low resolution printers. QuickDraw acts as an operating system level translator for data images to PostScript. PostScript is used to communicate with the printer hardware to render the image for printing. Most common printing errors are related to corrupted QuickDraw-to-PostScript translations. IPX and NetBIOS Once upon a time, there was no such thing as Windows NT (and the world was a nice place for UNIX system administrators). Novell NetWare and Internetworking Exchange Protocol (IPX) ran on 60 to 70 percent of all networked Intel/DOS-based computers. Novell is a proprietary 100 percent DOS-compatible network operating system (NOS). Its basic design goal was to provide shared file system and printer access transparently to desktop PCs through the I/O interfaces provided by DOS.
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Understanding the Network A Practic
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IOS Authentication and Accounting S
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About the Reviewers These reviewers
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Tell Us What You Think As the reade
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mostly dealt with interconnecting m
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• A short introduction to SNMP Ap
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In theory, a computer network can o
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Coaxial cable has a single solid co
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• Radio transmission—It is achi
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• Baseband transmission applies t
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Ring Topology Figure 1.3. The bus t
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Packets and frames are often used a
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Asynchronous transmission involves
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Figure 1.6. Collision handling unde
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In a ring topology, a token is pass
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Repeaters The repeater was introduc
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the network. If your 50-node networ
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Figure 1.12. A collection of nodes
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their destination, type, and conten
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shop, you are using Novell's Direct
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Figure 1.14. The OSI and Internet r
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Layer 7: Application This layer pro
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end-to-end, sequenced data delivery
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outer, the delivery path might be d
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and network transport is a very imp
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Figure 1.16. The "bottom up" commun
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Chapter 2. The Networker's Guide to
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Internet Society, a nonprofit organ
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• First, it performs translations
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Figure 2.2. The IP header. • Vers
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To assist in the reassembly process
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Figure 2.3. IP address classes comp
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taking the natural mask of the addr
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Classful Subnetting Examples The im
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21 2,000 8,000 255.255.248.0 22 1,0
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classful-based address space model.
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Table 2.6. Classless Network Addres
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NOTE Because CIDR is used for addre
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will connect in the future, it is b
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Routers are also called intermediat
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IP datagrams for which the local ho
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1. The Layer 3 to Layer 2 address m
Page 86 and 87: 3. Router B—Router B receives the
Page 88 and 89: connected networks. Figure 2.11 ill
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2.12. A simple regional (ISP
Page 92 and 93: gw1, gw2, gw4 3 gw1, gw3, gw4 3 gw1
Page 94 and 95: Dynamic routing might not be requir
Page 96 and 97: The transport layer as a whole repr
Page 98 and 99: window to reflect changes in the pa
Page 100 and 101: The TCP Header The TCP header provi
Page 102 and 103: 53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 67 BOO
Page 104 and 105: SNMP Simple Network Management Prot
Page 106 and 107: uses both TCP and UDP for service d
Page 108 and 109: RFC 974 Mail routing and the domain
Page 110 and 111: Figure 3.1. Physical versus logical
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3.2. The AppleTalk protocol
Page 114 and 115: AppleTalk Address Resolution Protoc
Page 116 and 117: of 400 microseconds, in addition to
Page 118 and 119: Along with the SAP, there is a 5-by
Page 120 and 121: delivery is a best-effort delivery
Page 122 and 123: • DDP checksum (long header only)
Page 124 and 125: eachable within the internetwork. T
Page 126 and 127: information from the router's other
Page 129 and 130: AppleTalk Update Based Routing Prot
Page 131 and 132: • type is the service classificat
Page 133 and 134: application layers. AppleTalk has n
Page 135: Figure 3.10. ZIP message formats. E
Page 139 and 140: Figure 3.11. Novell (IPX) protocol
Page 141 and 142: The other nodes on the network that
Page 143 and 144: Figure 3.13. IPX datagram format.
Page 145 and 146: the cumulative information gleaned
Page 147 and 148: • Hop Count is the number of rout
Page 149 and 150: Upper Layer Protocols IPX is used t
Page 151 and 152: Msg.Add.Name Adds a unique name to
Page 153 and 154: Related RFCs RFC 1001 RFC 1002 RFC
Page 155 and 156: service enhancement or replacement
Page 157 and 158: Figure 4.1. The LLC interfaces in r
Page 159 and 160: it does not provide for error recov
Page 161 and 162: and smooth pattern flow enables MTL
Page 163 and 164: cabling, backbone length 800m Categ
Page 165 and 166: combination of light refraction and
Page 167 and 168: NOTE Cladding is the glass "shell"
Page 169 and 170: Ethernet The original Ethernet prot
Page 171 and 172: UTP telephone cabling infrastructur
Page 173 and 174: Since the introduction of the IEEE
Page 175 and 176: In the event that two Ethernet end-
Page 177 and 178: The 802.3 frame type used in Figure
Page 179 and 180: • Frame check sequence (4 bytes)
Page 181 and 182: • Physical layer signaling (PLS)
Page 183 and 184: cable segment length (for coaxial s
Page 185 and 186: transmission medium using BNC (Brit
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 4.12. A basic 3-cable 10Base
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Figure 4.14. 10Base-T hub-to-hub in
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Figure 4.16. 10Base-T in a consulta
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• Support for full-duplex operati
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mechanisms, in terms of encoding an
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etween different PHY encoding imple
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100Base Ethernet) is based on the p
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The Gigabit PHY The Gigabit PHY con
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CSMA/CD is sensitive to operating r
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The main advantage of using FDR ove
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have to transmit against the priori
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• Ring timing maintenance—The A
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check the lobe cable. If the lobe t
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Token Ring addresses are expressed
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• Report Active Monitor Error (RA
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they first join the ring or in the
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Figure 4.22. The IBM type 1 MIC con
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FDDI Work on the Fiber Distributed
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However, all this comes at a cost,
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Figure 4.25. FDDI MAC data frame an
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topologies needed for the transmiss
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Chapter 5. WAN Internetworking Tech
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Placing a Call The functional model
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LATAs to provide local exchange ser
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The PSTN was originally designed fo
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sampling rate is 8,000 times per se
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Figure 5.1. A multiplexer from a lo
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Table 5.1. The American (DS) and In
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The M24/D4 frame standard is the ba
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contains consecutive ones and zeros
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• Line loopback/line build-out (L
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process. The T3 multiplexer adds st
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committee. The committee provided t
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The photonic layer defines the elec
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such as T1/E1, FDDI, and others. Th
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SS7 signaling components are connec
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SCCP operates as an OSI-RM Layer 3.
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WAN point-to-point links. It can be
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Figure 5.11. The ISDN protocol refe
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• The R interface acts as a point
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• Flag—This is an 8-bit (011111
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terminals attached to the ISDN swit
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X.25 networks are comprised of four
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Frame Relay, like the ISDN effort i
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• Flag—This functions as a fram
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Figure 5.17. the B-ISDN reference m
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environments is implemented using A
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endpoints. A Virtual Path Link (VPL
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ATM endpoints. The user adaptation
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1. The ATM end-device issues a setu
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Data-Link Framing Point-to-point de
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PPP PPP can provide multiprotocol d
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PPP Framing There are three HDLC fr
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• The HDLC and PPP data-link prot
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Chapter 6. Network Switches In this
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Figure 6.1. Partial and full mesh m
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protocol. Figure 6.3 illustrates th
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All hosts can see the traffic that
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To get a better understanding of th
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Figure 6.5. A bridged LAN with span
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support a path discovery method. So
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or performance limitations, network
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network data encryption, WAN reacha
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The Impact of Switching on Traditio
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• Switch backplane—Also referre
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Switch Port Flow Control In full-du
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In the event that the primary trunk
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Figure 6.9. Layer 2 collision domai
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Figure 6.10. Multiport repeaters an
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Figure 6.11. Distributed and collap
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utilization performance. To calcula
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Ideally, the goal of all switch and
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Cut-through uses the same technolog
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VLANs A switch that supports VLAN p
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MAC Address-Based VLANs Another com
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Figure 6.13. Switches running indep
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The configuration layer uses the Ge
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Layer 2 infrastructures to operate
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need. This method not only allocate
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transmitting and receiving. Without
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ATM-specific applications would be
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ATM private-class switches are comp
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Because both the VPI and VCI are us
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environment. The goal is to have La
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Broadcast and Unknown Server The Br
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Figure 6.15. An LEC and its VCC rel
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ATM hosts are accomplished by estab
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• VLANs • Full-duplex switch po
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Chapter 7. Introduction to Cisco Ro
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The 4000 series routers come in a t
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series routers, this partition can
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need to crimp the CAT 5 strands fol
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Use the cable set to build the cabl
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Step 2. This command specifies whic
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AppleTalk FDDI IPX Token Ring VINES
Page 377 and 378:
The IOS Command Line and Configurat
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disconnect Disconnect an existing n
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changes (user to privileged, for ex
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• Router(config)#hostname test-ro
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or • On 7x00 only, use: • •
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Null Null interface Tunnel Tunnel i
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Router(config)#ip rou? route routin
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Ctrl+P, up arrow Previous command i
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mop Copy from a MOP server (not ava
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Now let's see what is on the PCMCIA
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When copying any file, unless no pr
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Ethernet LANs with a dedicated T1 c
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Compiled Fri 03-Apr-98 07:00 by rna
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172.16.2.0 /25 172.16.2.128 /26 or
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Ridge-GW(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0
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In addition to their native protoco
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D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O -
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Configuring Dumb Terminal Service T
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Ctrl+Shift+6+X suspends a session).
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cornpops|Printer on Cisco termserve
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Concord-GW(config-if)#flowcontrol h
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The AUX port configuration for Ridg
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outer and enter the break sequence
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Setting the conf-reg Value in ROM M
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• Register setting 0x2010—Confi
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8. 9. Router#configure terminal 10.
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Router#config t Enter configuration
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-#- ED --type----crc--- -seek--nlen
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to xmodem or TFTP (2600 only) an IO
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Mountain Standard Time (MST) -7 Pac
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eference time is BB0FC7AA.95E93186
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in production for a little while. T
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use debug mode often. When using th
Page 445 and 446:
uucp UNIX-to-UNIX copy system IOS a
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Log Management Logs are useless unl
Page 449 and 450:
IOS Authentication and Accounting I
Page 451 and 452:
hostnames (which can be corrected w
Page 453 and 454:
$telnet 192.160.56.5 Trying 192.160
Page 455 and 456:
In this example, the authentication
Page 457 and 458:
makes it easier to configure, becau
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define what authentication type sho
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Caution should be taken when using
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pairs (similar to those used to cre
Page 465 and 466:
• Using rommon and disaster recov
Page 467 and 468:
In the following section, we review
Page 469 and 470:
Deciding to Use a Routing Protocol
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Now, here is the qualifier: Not eve
Page 473 and 474:
If RIP was the routing protocol for
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Distance Vector Protocols All routi
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space) based on a power of 2. Class
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address space), but you would run i
Page 481 and 482:
destination address that falls with
Page 483 and 484:
the different IP address spaces int
Page 485 and 486:
Weaknesses of Static Routing Static
Page 487 and 488:
Today, RIP is considered by some to
Page 489 and 490:
RIP 192.124.32.0 /24 192.124.35.1 3
Page 491 and 492:
All routers on the network keep tra
Page 493 and 494:
RIP's Value Today RIP is old, it's
Page 495 and 496:
• Better reliability—OSPF route
Page 497 and 498:
Figure 8.10. Single- and multi-area
Page 499 and 500:
• Internal routers—These router
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to the backbone. In Figure 8.13, al
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Figure 8.14. OSPF router designatio
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oundary routers. They describe netw
Page 507 and 508:
outer's point of view. The path con
Page 509 and 510:
Autonomous Systems and Exterior Rou
Page 511 and 512:
Figure 8.16. The IGP to ERP handoff
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Figure 8.17. The BGP finite state m
Page 516 and 517:
EGPs have been increasing in popula
Page 518 and 519:
Chapter 9. Advanced Cisco Router Co
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specified ACL number range. Table 9
Page 522 and 523:
default, all traffic is denied. Onl
Page 524 and 525:
asbr-a2#config t Enter configuratio
Page 526 and 527:
trying to build ACLs with the comma
Page 528 and 529:
trace Multicast trace IGMP log Log
Page 530 and 531:
Tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Page 532 and 533:
access-list 100 permit tcp any 172.
Page 534 and 535:
Table 9.5. AppleTalk ACL Filtering
Page 536 and 537:
Figure 9.1. The AnyCo corporate App
Page 538 and 539:
One word of caution: If you plan to
Page 540 and 541:
You can also log hits on ports by a
Page 542 and 543:
Table 9.8. Route-Map Operators for
Page 544 and 545:
exists, a group identifier (which c
Page 546 and 547:
hegel# With this configuration, bec
Page 548 and 549:
NAT is commonly used in a fashion s
Page 550 and 551:
The [prefix-length] or [netmask] se
Page 552 and 553:
NAT's Shortcomings Although NAT is
Page 554 and 555:
NOTE Administrators beware: Tunneli
Page 556 and 557:
connects, the active key informatio
Page 558 and 559:
encapsulation, framing, and line si
Page 560 and 561:
asbr-a2(config-if)#ip address 172.1
Page 562 and 563:
problem if you are provisioning ISD
Page 564 and 565:
22:41:34: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface
Page 566 and 567:
POP mail request is made. Now let's
Page 568 and 569:
leibniz(config-if)#backup interface
Page 570 and 571:
When the primary link fails, the BR
Page 572 and 573:
1.544Mbps. The actual transport lin
Page 574 and 575:
the cost-effective and bandwidth-ef
Page 576 and 577:
interface configuration subcommand
Page 578 and 579:
it is possible to exchange packets
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interface serial0.2 point-to-point
Page 582 and 583:
Figure 9.6. A multipoint FR example
Page 584 and 585:
2. ATM encapsulation must be enable
Page 586 and 587:
are commonly used in large-scale cl
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persephone(config)#interface atm 3/
Page 590 and 591:
• The creation and application of
Page 592 and 593:
Chapter 10. Configuring IP Routing
Page 594 and 595:
After you have a list of requiremen
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Control commands: Displaying
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not active, it is quite common for
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Incoming update filter list for all
Page 602 and 603:
When changing any IP routing behavi
Page 604 and 605:
asbr-a1(config-if)#^Z asbr-a1# When
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For asbr-a2 to reach all the testne
Page 608 and 609:
192.168.160.0/30 is subnetted, 1 su
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order to maintain computability wit
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Configuring Dynamic IGP and EGP IP
Page 614 and 615:
passive-interface s1 By enabling th
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asbr-a1(config-router)#network 12.0
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To verify that the adjusted route m
Page 620 and 621:
The command is a general routing p
Page 622 and 623:
EIGRP, as I'm sure you have guessed
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No matter how the announcement entr
Page 626 and 627:
Incoming update filter list for all
Page 628 and 629:
is adjustable using the router con
Page 630 and 631:
• IOS also supports various debu
Page 632 and 633:
outers: • Backbone Routers—Thes
Page 634 and 635:
process. The router would construct
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e1/1 192.168.9.0 fe0/0 192.168.0.0
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An alternative to this is to use th
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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Link State Age Interval is 00:20:00
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C 192.168.191.0/24 is directly conn
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to asbr-a1 was a remote office that
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interface Serial1 ip address 192.16
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which to exchange OSPF messages. Th
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OSPF Monitoring Commands Throughout
Page 654 and 655:
• • • NOTE • will display
Page 656 and 657:
Figure 10.4. AURP tunnel interfaces
Page 658 and 659:
appletalk glean-packets hostname as
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For many users, the usefulness of B
Page 662 and 663:
internal/Internet access router whe
Page 664 and 665:
externally destined traffic arrives
Page 666 and 667:
Routers asbr-a1/a2 and asbr-b1/b2 a
Page 668 and 669:
BGP Reflectors An alternative to ha
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network 192.168.0.0 mask 255.255.25
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dynamic routing protocols are used
Page 674 and 675:
Figure 10.8. An example network run
Page 676 and 677:
Controlling Redistribution In some
Page 678 and 679:
hostname ABR-a57 ! access-list 1 pe
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access-list 2 deny 10.0.1.0 access-
Page 682 and 683:
Keep in mind that route-maps, li
Page 684 and 685:
Chapter 11. Network Troubleshooting
Page 686 and 687:
However, the most valuable tool of
Page 688 and 689:
• Description of primary function
Page 690 and 691:
of cable fault, different CSFSs are
Page 692 and 693:
For Windows Systems, check out the
Page 694 and 695:
command. On a Windows NT system, us
Page 696 and 697:
#Do not change these variables logf
Page 698 and 699:
# If any of the hosts fail to respo
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upgrade. So, when the time comes to
Page 702 and 703:
throughput over time, instead of si
Page 704 and 705:
protocol is the most prone to perfo
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NOTE When looking at network broadc
Page 708 and 709:
NOTE Another common network error n
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and the physical ring segment that
Page 712 and 713:
tolerances the frames, timing shift
Page 714 and 715:
practical terms, this means that at
Page 716 and 717:
etransmissions, however, usually ha
Page 718 and 719:
4. Don't get lost in the big pictur
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• Link and services monitoring, n
Page 722 and 723:
eports on network utilization, avai
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o Bandwidth utilization rates o Rat
Page 726 and 727:
and improved management capabilitie
Page 728 and 729:
After the supported SNMP version is
Page 730 and 731:
Table 11.3. ASN.1 Keywords Used wit
Page 732 and 733:
application-wide tags, which are us
Page 734 and 735:
TestSequence ::= SEQUENCE { example
Page 736 and 737:
The MIB-2 and RMON-MIB modules are
Page 738 and 739:
iso.identfied-orgnaization.dod.inte
Page 740 and 741:
accepted values are getRequest, get
Page 742 and 743:
Spectrum is available in both UNIX
Page 744 and 745:
Figure 11.8. Windows NT 4.0 SNMP Ag
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To access any of the NT SNMP agent
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The installation of the SNMP agent
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Figure 11.13. The Windows 95/98 Sel
Page 752 and 753:
Figure 11.15. Locating the Windows
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Figure 11.17. The SNMP configuratio
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2. Scroll to Network Connectivity o
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sysLocation information, go to the
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example that just implements the ba
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protocol, service, and application
Page 764 and 765:
RFC 1089 RFC 1147 RFC 1155 RFC 1157
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Appendix A. Binary Conversion Table
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