Grasslands of the World.pdf - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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Grasslands of Patagonia 123 Figure 4.1 Extent of grasslands in Latin America. Description of Patagonia ’s climate is hampered by the low density and very uneven distribution of weather stations (40 000 km 2 /station) (Paruelo et al., 1998). Climate is influenced mostly by Pacific Ocean air masses forced inland by prevailing westerlies, across ocean currents that are warmer than the land masses and move towards the equator (MacArthur, 1972). The Andes
124 �� Grasslands of the world Figure 4.2 A map of the provinces of Argentinian Patagonia (shaded area) and neighbouring provinces (Digital Cartography by Ing. Ag. Liliana González). stand between the moist air and the Patagonian steppes, creating an extensive rain-shadow that controls climatic patterns (Paruelo et al., 1998). There is a very steep gradient of mean annual precipitation (MAP), decreasing towards the east, from 4 000 mm at the Andes eastern foothills (at about 42°S) down to 150 mm in the central plateau 180 km east of the mountains (Soriano, 1983). Inter-annual variation in precipitation increases exponentially with decreasing rainfall, reaching coefficients of variation greater than 45 percent at the drier end of the gradient (Jobággy, Paruelo and León, 1995). The east coast is influenced by moist air from the Atlantic, with somewhat higher annual precipitation (200 to 220 mm) evenly distributed, as opposed to the winter rainfall of most of Patagonia (Paruelo et al., 1998; Soriano, 1983). The ratio of mean annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (MAP/PET ratio) of the steppes fluctuates between 0.45 and 0.11, with marked deficits in spring and summer (Paruelo et al., 1998). Water is the most important factor regulating primary production. Some of the variation can be associated with El Niño-La Niña cycles (Paruelo et al., 1998), but Cibils and Coughenour (2001) reported a longer-term cycle for MAP in southern Patagonia: a significant decrease in precipitation from 1930 to 1960 and a reversal of this trend (significant increase) over the subsequent thirty years in Río Gallegos.
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The views expressed in this publica
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iv Bush encroachment 60 Rehabilitat
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vi Grazing management 139 Sheep man
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viii Grazing lands, pasture and fod
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x Future 374 References 374 Chapter
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xii Herd management 474 Stocking ra
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xiv and environmental factors. Rese
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xvi or copied without her permissio
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xviii Glossary of technical terms a
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xx IUCN The World Conservation Unio
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Figure 1.1 Extent of the world’s
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2 Plate 1.2 Mosaic of cultivated cr
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4 Plate 1.4 Horse herd on grassland
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6 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.8
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8 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.1
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10 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.
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14 Grasslands of the world century.
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The above coverage leaves some obvi
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18 Grasslands of the world Riveros,
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20 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
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26 Plate 2.2 Large non-ruminant her
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34 Grasslands of the world low pala
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36 Grasslands of the world is impor
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38 Grasslands of the world recently
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40 Grasslands of the world degradat
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42 Grasslands of the world leasehol
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44 Grasslands of the world However,
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46 Grasslands of the world technolo
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48 Grasslands of the world subsiste
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50 Grasslands of the world able to
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54 Grasslands of the world tall veg
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56 Grasslands of the world with wil
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58 Grasslands of the world fragment
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62 Grasslands of the world Reseedin
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64 Grasslands of the world last to
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66 Grasslands of the world Bourn, D
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68 Grasslands of the world Ellis, J
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70 Grasslands of the world the Euro
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Page 103 and 104: 80 Figure 3.2 The extent of grassla
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Page 107 and 108: 84 Grasslands of the world Figure 3
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Page 125 and 126: 102 Grasslands of the world product
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Page 133 and 134: 110 Grasslands of the world zation
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Page 143 and 144: 120 Grasslands of the world Trollop
Page 145: 122 Grasslands of the world farming
Page 149 and 150: 126 Sheep numbers (millions) 20 15
Page 151 and 152: 128 28 6 8 58 Title deed Legal occu
Page 153 and 154: 130 Grasslands of the world into eq
Page 155 and 156: 132 Figure 4.5 Biozones of Patagoni
Page 157 and 158: 134 Grasslands of the world Semi-de
Page 159 and 160: 136 Plate 4.3 A shrub steppe in the
Page 161 and 162: 138 Grasslands of the world 2001).
Page 163 and 164: 140 Grasslands of the world SHEEP M
Page 165 and 166: 142 Grasslands of the world Patagon
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Page 169 and 170: 146 Grasslands of the world (Cavagn
Page 171 and 172: 148 Grasslands of the world the gen
Page 173 and 174: 150 Grasslands of the world In 1989
Page 175 and 176: 152 TABLE 4.4 Complexity levels of
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Page 183 and 184: 160 Grasslands of the world Reunió
Page 185 and 186: 162 Grasslands of the world Ecolog
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Page 191 and 192: 168 Grasslands of the world Sain, C
Page 193 and 194: 170 Grasslands of the world austral
Page 195 and 196: 172 Figure 5.1 The Campos region of
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174 Grasslands of the world bezoart
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176 Grasslands of the world On the
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178 Grasslands of the world Product
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180 Grasslands of the world Some sp
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182 Plate 5.1 Landscape in the Sier
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184 Grasslands of the world Plate 5
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186 Grasslands of the world Salt de
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188 Grasslands of the world TABLE 5
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190 Grasslands of the world soils d
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192 (c) Grassland with Melica macra
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196 Figure 5.3 Forage offer (FO ) a
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198 Grasslands of the world which a
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200 Grasslands of the world Fertili
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202 Grasslands of the world their c
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204 Grasslands of the world Paspalu
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210 Grasslands of the world Researc
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212 Grasslands of the world It is n
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214 Grasslands of the world Subtrop
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216 Grasslands of the world (Argent
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218 Grasslands of the world para Ba
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Grasslands of central North America
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REX PIEPER REX PIEPER Grasslands of
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
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MAE ELSINGER DUANE McCARTNEY Grassl
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JEFF PRINTZ, USDA-NRCS JEFF PRINTZ,
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S.G. REYNOLDS DUANE McCARTNEY Grass
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MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
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266 Figure 7.1 Map of Mongolia . Pl
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268 TABLE 7.1 Land resources of Mon
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270 TABLE 7.3 Projected total popul
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272 Plate 7.5 Wheat was once grown
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274 Grasslands of the world made of
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276 Grasslands of the world four ho
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278 Plate 7.9 Saddle horses on hitc
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280 TABLE 7.5 Haymaking by producer
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282 Plate 7.11 Meadow grazing - Ark
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284 Grasslands of the world croppin
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286 TABLE 7.10 Evolution of stock n
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288 Plate 7.14 Polled yak in autumn
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290 Figure 7.3 Evolution of stock u
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292 Grasslands of the world of this
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296 Grasslands of the world can go
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298 Grasslands of the world arable
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300 Grasslands of the world regulat
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302 Grasslands of the world systems
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304 Grasslands of the world Suttie,
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306 Grasslands of the world Figure
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308 Plate 8.3 Harvested wheat in th
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310 Grasslands of the world Tang. T
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312 TABLE 8.1 Grassland types of th
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314 Plate 8.5 Poa alpina . Plate 8.
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316 Grasslands of the world precipi
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320 Grasslands of the world of the
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322 Plate 8.11 Kokonor camp with th
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324 Plate 8.14 Milk collection. Pla
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326 Grasslands of the world The num
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328 Grasslands of the world part of
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332 Grasslands of the world 340 000
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334 Plate 8.20 Longri summer camp.
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336 Grasslands of the world There i
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338 Grasslands of the world Clarke,
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340 Grasslands of the world Kush-Hi
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342 Grasslands of the world William
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344 Grasslands of the world grazing
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346 Grasslands of the world Growing
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348 Grasslands of the world that co
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350 Grasslands of the world cessati
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352 Grasslands of the world This zo
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354 Figure 9.2 Natural vegetation z
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356 Grasslands of the world or loam
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358 Grasslands of the world after r
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360 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 (a) Queensl
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362 Grasslands of the world Tropica
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364 Grasslands of the world AVAILAB
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368 Grasslands of the world from th
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370 Grasslands of the world grassla
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374 Grasslands of the world FUTURE
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376 Grasslands of the world Hall, T
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378 Grasslands of the world Martin,
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380 Grasslands of the world Wilson,
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382 Figure 10.1 Extent of grassland
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384 Grasslands of the world with su
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386 Grasslands of the world was to
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388 Plate 10.1 Agropyron pectinifor
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390 Plate 10.3 Festuca sulcata Gras
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392 Grasslands of the world The FSU
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394 Grasslands of the world thinkin
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396 TABLE 10.4 Climate data of the
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398 Plate 10.5 Kochia prostrata Pla
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400 Plate 10.7 Forest -steppe with
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402 Grasslands of the world Young f
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404 Plate 10.9 Poa bulbosa. Grassla
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406 Grasslands of the world shade-l
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408 Grasslands of the world Physica
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410 Grasslands of the world Mikheev
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412 Grasslands of the world it was
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414 Grasslands of the world of grou
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416 Grasslands of the world Vil’y
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418 Plate 11.1 Trifolium fragiferum
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420 Plate 11.2 Millet, a major crop
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424 Grasslands of the world sudania
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426 Grasslands of the world perenni
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428 Plate 11.8 Park grasslands in N
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430 Grasslands of the world In Para
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432 Plate 11.10b A grassland domina
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434 Grasslands of the world the nor
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436 Grasslands of the world remaini
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438 Plate 11.15 Small ruminants on
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440 Plate 11.19 Qinghai - motorcycl
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442 Plate 11.21 Leymus chinensis .
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444 Plate 11.22 The Himalaya -Hindu
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446 Plate 11.24 Transhumant Kuchi f
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448 Grasslands of the world grazing
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450 Plate 11.27 Delivering fodder t
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452 Plate 11.29 Syrian rangeland ha
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454 Grasslands of the world tains.
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456 Grasslands of the world Turkey
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458 Plate 11.31 Sainfoin (Onobrychi
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460 Grasslands of the world Gintzbu
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Grassland perspectives 463 Chapter
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Grassland perspectives 465 as well
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ALICE CARLONI ALICE CARLONI Grassla
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Grassland perspectives 469 The gras
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Grassland perspectives 471 Trees an
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Grassland perspectives 473 is lost.
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Grassland perspectives 475 breeding
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Grassland perspectives 477 traditio
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Grassland perspectives 479 the numb
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Grassland perspectives 481 to sown
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S.G. REYNOLDS SARDI Grassland persp
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MAGNUS HALLING SARDI Grassland pers
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Grassland perspectives 487 fencing
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MARZIO MARZOT Grassland perspective
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grassland perspective
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Grassland perspectives 493 extremel
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Index 495 A Acacia spp. 31, 34, 36,
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Index 497 B Baccharis spp. 175, 182
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Index 499 Chamaecrista spp. 199, 37
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Index 501 ciliatum 199 elegans 199
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Index 503 fl echillares 176, 177 fl
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Index 505 I Imperata spp. 3, 442, 4
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Index 507 sheep 288, 323, 326, 330
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Index 509 Poa spp. 133, 134, 135, 1
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Index 511 Sheep 14, 15, 38, 39, 84,
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Index 513 Tiller density 204 Touris
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