Grasslands of the World.pdf - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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Grazing management in Mongolia 289 TABLE 7.11 Evolution of the national herd in terms of composition by species and overall size in terms of stock unit s (‘000s). Year Camels % Horses % Cattle % Sheep % Goats % Total SU (1) 1918 9.7 32.5 30.5 23.0 4.2 3 535.3 1924 8.7 29.3 31.9 25.5 4.7 4 741.2 1930 10.6 23.0 27.7 32.8 6.0 6 820.8 1940 9.6 25.3 27.2 30.7 7.2 10 029.0 1950 10.8 28.4 30.5 24.6 5.7 8 933.4 1961 16.1 29.5 25.3 22.8 6.3 7 865.3 1970 15.9 32.2 23.1 22.1 6.7 7 096.4 1980 12.3 30.1 27.4 24.7 5.5 7 698.0 1985 11.1 26.1 31.9 25.1 5.7 7 540.2 1992 7.5 26.5 34.1 25.2 6.7 8 317.1 1996 5.9 24.9 38.6 21.2 10.0 9 134.4 2000 4.8 26.3 39.2 19.6 10.1 10 130.3 2003 5.7 30.4 28.4 23.3 12.2 7 372.7 NOTE: (1) Stock units converted as “bod ” values, derived from Table 7.10. From 1961 until the early 1990s, the overall number of livestock units remained relatively stable, reflecting the organized management and marketing arrangements of the period. Since economic liberalization there has been increase in both stock numbers and livestock units, although numbers are rising most rapidly because of the great increase in the goat flock. The greatest increase is in cattle , by about a million, or 12 percent of all livestock units. Small ruminants account for about 30 percent of the total. Between 1950 and 1996, in terms of livestock units, the sheep and goat population was in a very narrow range of between 28.8 and 31.9 million head; large ruminants and horses, therefore, account for by far the greater part of the grazing pressure . Mongolia ’s pastures have, therefore, already carried livestock populations equivalent to modern ones (Table 7.11); how they were distributed in space in the early years is not known. The number of livestock per head of population, however, has been declining steadily since records began, from 34 head (11.6 units) in 1950 to 23.6 (8.1) in 1961, to 16.1 (5.6) in 1970, to 13.4 (4.5) in 1980 and to 12 (3.8) in 1996; the human population, in a largely livestockbased economy, now has only one third of the livestock per capita that it had in 1950. The changes in overall stocking over time is shown graphically in Figure 7.3. Herd composition , of course, reflects ecological conditions and the type of terrain. In Table 7.12 two aimags are compared. One, Tuv, is typical steppe; the other, Uvs, is semi -desert and mountainous. The aimags differ considerably in herd composition. Uvs, being arid , has far more camels than Tuv. The difference in horse numbers is striking, Tuv having double the Uvs percentage; Tarialan, at 10 percent, has a very low horse component. The arid sums have far higher proportions of small ruminants.
290 Figure 7.3 Evolution of stock unit s over time. 10 000 9 000 8 000 7 000 6000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 TABLE 7.12 Proportion of species in two aimags . 0 Stock units '000 Grasslands of the world 1918 1924 1930 1940 1950 1961 1970 1980 1985 1992 1996 Stock U Camels % Horses % Cattle % Sheep % Goats % Uvs aimag 6.4 17.4 24.6 33.3 18.2 Turgen sum 5.7 14.7 25.6 35.4 18.6 Tarialan sum 6.1 10.4 25.0 37.2 21.2 Tuv aimag 0.8 35.9 26.5 26.4 10.4 Zaamar sum 0.0 31.1 34.0 22.2 12.7 Lun sum 0.6 31.6 29.4 27.3 11.0 SOURCE: Final report (September 2002) of the consultant on haymaking , pasture planning and fodder reserves , prepared for FAO TCP project TCP/MON/0066 – Pastoral risk management strategy. Plate 7.15 Winter shelter. ALICE CARLONI
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The views expressed in this publica
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iv Bush encroachment 60 Rehabilitat
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vi Grazing management 139 Sheep man
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viii Grazing lands, pasture and fod
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x Future 374 References 374 Chapter
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xii Herd management 474 Stocking ra
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xiv and environmental factors. Rese
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xvi or copied without her permissio
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xviii Glossary of technical terms a
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xx IUCN The World Conservation Unio
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Figure 1.1 Extent of the world’s
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2 Plate 1.2 Mosaic of cultivated cr
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4 Plate 1.4 Horse herd on grassland
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6 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.8
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8 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.1
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10 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.
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14 Grasslands of the world century.
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The above coverage leaves some obvi
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18 Grasslands of the world Riveros,
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20 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
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26 Plate 2.2 Large non-ruminant her
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34 Grasslands of the world low pala
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36 Grasslands of the world is impor
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38 Grasslands of the world recently
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40 Grasslands of the world degradat
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42 Grasslands of the world leasehol
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44 Grasslands of the world However,
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46 Grasslands of the world technolo
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48 Grasslands of the world subsiste
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50 Grasslands of the world able to
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54 Grasslands of the world tall veg
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56 Grasslands of the world with wil
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58 Grasslands of the world fragment
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62 Grasslands of the world Reseedin
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64 Grasslands of the world last to
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66 Grasslands of the world Bourn, D
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68 Grasslands of the world Ellis, J
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70 Grasslands of the world the Euro
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72 Grasslands of the world Niamir,
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74 Grasslands of the world Schlesin
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76 Grasslands of the world Wilen, C
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78 Grasslands of the world INTRODUC
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80 Figure 3.2 The extent of grassla
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84 Grasslands of the world Figure 3
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86 Grasslands of the world PEOPLE H
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88 Grasslands of the world The gras
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90 Grasslands of the world Here, la
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92 Grasslands of the world crop res
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94 Grasslands of the world Grasslan
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98 Grasslands of the world These gr
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100 Grasslands of the world high fl
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102 Grasslands of the world product
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104 Grasslands of the world Figure
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106 Plate 3.5 Foggage Kikuyu for wi
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108 Grasslands of the world Plate 3
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110 Grasslands of the world zation
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112 Grasslands of the world imagery
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114 Grasslands of the world Kalahar
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116 Grasslands of the world impleme
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118 Grasslands of the world Grossma
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120 Grasslands of the world Trollop
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122 Grasslands of the world farming
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124 ��
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126 Sheep numbers (millions) 20 15
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128 28 6 8 58 Title deed Legal occu
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130 Grasslands of the world into eq
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132 Figure 4.5 Biozones of Patagoni
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134 Grasslands of the world Semi-de
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136 Plate 4.3 A shrub steppe in the
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138 Grasslands of the world 2001).
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140 Grasslands of the world SHEEP M
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142 Grasslands of the world Patagon
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144 Grasslands of the world scarcit
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146 Grasslands of the world (Cavagn
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148 Grasslands of the world the gen
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150 Grasslands of the world In 1989
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152 TABLE 4.4 Complexity levels of
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154 Grasslands of the world could b
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156 Grasslands of the world of nort
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158 Grasslands of the world Bottini
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160 Grasslands of the world Reunió
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162 Grasslands of the world Ecolog
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164 Grasslands of the world Mainwar
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166 Grasslands of the world Oliva,
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168 Grasslands of the world Sain, C
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170 Grasslands of the world austral
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172 Figure 5.1 The Campos region of
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174 Grasslands of the world bezoart
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176 Grasslands of the world On the
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178 Grasslands of the world Product
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180 Grasslands of the world Some sp
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182 Plate 5.1 Landscape in the Sier
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186 Grasslands of the world Salt de
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188 Grasslands of the world TABLE 5
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190 Grasslands of the world soils d
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192 (c) Grassland with Melica macra
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196 Figure 5.3 Forage offer (FO ) a
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198 Grasslands of the world which a
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200 Grasslands of the world Fertili
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202 Grasslands of the world their c
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204 Grasslands of the world Paspalu
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210 Grasslands of the world Researc
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212 Grasslands of the world It is n
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214 Grasslands of the world Subtrop
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216 Grasslands of the world (Argent
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218 Grasslands of the world para Ba
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Grasslands of central North America
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REX PIEPER REX PIEPER Grasslands of
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Grasslands of central North America
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
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MAE ELSINGER DUANE McCARTNEY Grassl
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JEFF PRINTZ, USDA-NRCS JEFF PRINTZ,
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S.G. REYNOLDS DUANE McCARTNEY Grass
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MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central
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Page 261 and 262: MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central
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Page 287 and 288: 266 Figure 7.1 Map of Mongolia . Pl
Page 289 and 290: 268 TABLE 7.1 Land resources of Mon
Page 291 and 292: 270 TABLE 7.3 Projected total popul
Page 293 and 294: 272 Plate 7.5 Wheat was once grown
Page 295 and 296: 274 Grasslands of the world made of
Page 297 and 298: 276 Grasslands of the world four ho
Page 299 and 300: 278 Plate 7.9 Saddle horses on hitc
Page 301 and 302: 280 TABLE 7.5 Haymaking by producer
Page 303 and 304: 282 Plate 7.11 Meadow grazing - Ark
Page 305 and 306: 284 Grasslands of the world croppin
Page 307 and 308: 286 TABLE 7.10 Evolution of stock n
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Page 315 and 316: 294 Grasslands of the world TABLE 7
Page 317 and 318: 296 Grasslands of the world can go
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Page 327 and 328: 306 Grasslands of the world Figure
Page 329 and 330: 308 Plate 8.3 Harvested wheat in th
Page 331 and 332: 310 Grasslands of the world Tang. T
Page 333 and 334: 312 TABLE 8.1 Grassland types of th
Page 335 and 336: 314 Plate 8.5 Poa alpina . Plate 8.
Page 337 and 338: 316 Grasslands of the world precipi
Page 339 and 340: 318 Grasslands of the world TABLE 8
Page 341 and 342: 320 Grasslands of the world of the
Page 343 and 344: 322 Plate 8.11 Kokonor camp with th
Page 345 and 346: 324 Plate 8.14 Milk collection. Pla
Page 347 and 348: 326 Grasslands of the world The num
Page 349 and 350: 328 Grasslands of the world part of
Page 351 and 352: 330 Grasslands of the world Plate 8
Page 353 and 354: 332 Grasslands of the world 340 000
Page 355 and 356: 334 Plate 8.20 Longri summer camp.
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340 Grasslands of the world Kush-Hi
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342 Grasslands of the world William
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344 Grasslands of the world grazing
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346 Grasslands of the world Growing
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348 Grasslands of the world that co
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350 Grasslands of the world cessati
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352 Grasslands of the world This zo
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354 Figure 9.2 Natural vegetation z
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356 Grasslands of the world or loam
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358 Grasslands of the world after r
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360 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 (a) Queensl
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362 Grasslands of the world Tropica
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364 Grasslands of the world AVAILAB
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368 Grasslands of the world from th
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370 Grasslands of the world grassla
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374 Grasslands of the world FUTURE
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376 Grasslands of the world Hall, T
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378 Grasslands of the world Martin,
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380 Grasslands of the world Wilson,
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382 Figure 10.1 Extent of grassland
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384 Grasslands of the world with su
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386 Grasslands of the world was to
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388 Plate 10.1 Agropyron pectinifor
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390 Plate 10.3 Festuca sulcata Gras
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392 Grasslands of the world The FSU
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394 Grasslands of the world thinkin
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396 TABLE 10.4 Climate data of the
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398 Plate 10.5 Kochia prostrata Pla
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400 Plate 10.7 Forest -steppe with
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402 Grasslands of the world Young f
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404 Plate 10.9 Poa bulbosa. Grassla
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406 Grasslands of the world shade-l
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408 Grasslands of the world Physica
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410 Grasslands of the world Mikheev
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412 Grasslands of the world it was
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414 Grasslands of the world of grou
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416 Grasslands of the world Vil’y
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418 Plate 11.1 Trifolium fragiferum
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420 Plate 11.2 Millet, a major crop
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424 Grasslands of the world sudania
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426 Grasslands of the world perenni
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428 Plate 11.8 Park grasslands in N
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430 Grasslands of the world In Para
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432 Plate 11.10b A grassland domina
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434 Grasslands of the world the nor
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436 Grasslands of the world remaini
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438 Plate 11.15 Small ruminants on
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440 Plate 11.19 Qinghai - motorcycl
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442 Plate 11.21 Leymus chinensis .
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444 Plate 11.22 The Himalaya -Hindu
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446 Plate 11.24 Transhumant Kuchi f
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448 Grasslands of the world grazing
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450 Plate 11.27 Delivering fodder t
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452 Plate 11.29 Syrian rangeland ha
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454 Grasslands of the world tains.
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456 Grasslands of the world Turkey
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458 Plate 11.31 Sainfoin (Onobrychi
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460 Grasslands of the world Gintzbu
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Grassland perspectives 463 Chapter
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Grassland perspectives 465 as well
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ALICE CARLONI ALICE CARLONI Grassla
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Grassland perspectives 469 The gras
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Grassland perspectives 471 Trees an
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Grassland perspectives 473 is lost.
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Grassland perspectives 475 breeding
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Grassland perspectives 477 traditio
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Grassland perspectives 479 the numb
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Grassland perspectives 481 to sown
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S.G. REYNOLDS SARDI Grassland persp
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MAGNUS HALLING SARDI Grassland pers
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Grassland perspectives 487 fencing
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MARZIO MARZOT Grassland perspective
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grassland perspective
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Grassland perspectives 493 extremel
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Index 495 A Acacia spp. 31, 34, 36,
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Index 497 B Baccharis spp. 175, 182
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Index 499 Chamaecrista spp. 199, 37
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Index 501 ciliatum 199 elegans 199
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Index 503 fl echillares 176, 177 fl
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Index 505 I Imperata spp. 3, 442, 4
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Index 507 sheep 288, 323, 326, 330
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Index 509 Poa spp. 133, 134, 135, 1
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Index 511 Sheep 14, 15, 38, 39, 84,
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Index 513 Tiller density 204 Touris
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