Grasslands of the World.pdf - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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DANIEL MILLER The Tibetan Steppe 323 Most herders are Tibetan but there are small groups of Mongols and Kazakhs in Qinghai. Population density across much of the Steppe is less than two persons per square kilometre (Ryavec and Vergin, 1998). For a distance of almost 3 000 km, Tibetan is spoken and has been a written language for about 1 300 years. In recent decades, pastoralists across most of the Steppe have built houses and livestock shelters, on traditional winter -spring pastures where they spend up to 6–7 months of the year. The vast majority of herders have been “settled” for some time, but graze their livestock in a transhumant manner (Miller, 1998c). Livestock management Pastoral practices are similar across the Steppe , although the composition and size of herds differ. Herders keep milking (Plates 8.13 and 8.14) and dry herds of yak , yak-cattle crosses, sheep (Plate 8.15), goats and horses. The yak in many ways defines pastoralism across the plateau; they are preferred for riding in rough country, at extreme altitudes and in snow (Ekvall, 1974); their dung is an important fuel. The Tibetan term for yaks, nor, is also translated as “wealth”. Sheep and goats are most important in the west where they suit the vegetation better than do yaks; there sheep and goats are milked; in the east, yaks supply all the nomads’ milk needs. Mutton is the preferred meat . Goats yield cashmere , meat and milk; Tibetan cashmere is among the best in the world. Sheep, goats and camels (Plate 8.16) are also used as pack animals but, with expanding road access , their role for transport has diminished. Horses are used primarily for riding, but are also used as pack animals. Mares are not milked and Tibetans Plate 8.13 Milking yak .
324 Plate 8.14 Milk collection. Plate 8.15 Sheep grazing on the high plateau. Grasslands of the world do not eat horsemeat. Livestock belong to individual families since the communes were disbanded and the ‘household responsibility system’ introduced in the early 1980s. Each family is responsible for its livestock and the processing and marketing of livestock products. The proportion of species and the size of herds differs according to grassland factors and the suitability of the landscape for different animals. Table 8.8 DANIEL MILLER S.G. REYNOLDS
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The views expressed in this publica
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iv Bush encroachment 60 Rehabilitat
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vi Grazing management 139 Sheep man
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viii Grazing lands, pasture and fod
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x Future 374 References 374 Chapter
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xii Herd management 474 Stocking ra
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xiv and environmental factors. Rese
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xvi or copied without her permissio
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xviii Glossary of technical terms a
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xx IUCN The World Conservation Unio
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Figure 1.1 Extent of the world’s
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2 Plate 1.2 Mosaic of cultivated cr
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4 Plate 1.4 Horse herd on grassland
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6 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.8
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8 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.1
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10 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.
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14 Grasslands of the world century.
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The above coverage leaves some obvi
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18 Grasslands of the world Riveros,
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20 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
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26 Plate 2.2 Large non-ruminant her
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34 Grasslands of the world low pala
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36 Grasslands of the world is impor
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38 Grasslands of the world recently
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40 Grasslands of the world degradat
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42 Grasslands of the world leasehol
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44 Grasslands of the world However,
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46 Grasslands of the world technolo
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48 Grasslands of the world subsiste
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50 Grasslands of the world able to
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54 Grasslands of the world tall veg
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56 Grasslands of the world with wil
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58 Grasslands of the world fragment
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62 Grasslands of the world Reseedin
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64 Grasslands of the world last to
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66 Grasslands of the world Bourn, D
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68 Grasslands of the world Ellis, J
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70 Grasslands of the world the Euro
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72 Grasslands of the world Niamir,
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74 Grasslands of the world Schlesin
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76 Grasslands of the world Wilen, C
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78 Grasslands of the world INTRODUC
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80 Figure 3.2 The extent of grassla
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84 Grasslands of the world Figure 3
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86 Grasslands of the world PEOPLE H
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88 Grasslands of the world The gras
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90 Grasslands of the world Here, la
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92 Grasslands of the world crop res
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94 Grasslands of the world Grasslan
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98 Grasslands of the world These gr
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100 Grasslands of the world high fl
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102 Grasslands of the world product
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104 Grasslands of the world Figure
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106 Plate 3.5 Foggage Kikuyu for wi
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108 Grasslands of the world Plate 3
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110 Grasslands of the world zation
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112 Grasslands of the world imagery
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114 Grasslands of the world Kalahar
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116 Grasslands of the world impleme
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118 Grasslands of the world Grossma
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120 Grasslands of the world Trollop
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122 Grasslands of the world farming
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124 ��
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126 Sheep numbers (millions) 20 15
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128 28 6 8 58 Title deed Legal occu
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130 Grasslands of the world into eq
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132 Figure 4.5 Biozones of Patagoni
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134 Grasslands of the world Semi-de
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136 Plate 4.3 A shrub steppe in the
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138 Grasslands of the world 2001).
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140 Grasslands of the world SHEEP M
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142 Grasslands of the world Patagon
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144 Grasslands of the world scarcit
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146 Grasslands of the world (Cavagn
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148 Grasslands of the world the gen
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150 Grasslands of the world In 1989
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152 TABLE 4.4 Complexity levels of
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154 Grasslands of the world could b
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156 Grasslands of the world of nort
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158 Grasslands of the world Bottini
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160 Grasslands of the world Reunió
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162 Grasslands of the world Ecolog
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164 Grasslands of the world Mainwar
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166 Grasslands of the world Oliva,
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168 Grasslands of the world Sain, C
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170 Grasslands of the world austral
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172 Figure 5.1 The Campos region of
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174 Grasslands of the world bezoart
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176 Grasslands of the world On the
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178 Grasslands of the world Product
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180 Grasslands of the world Some sp
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182 Plate 5.1 Landscape in the Sier
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186 Grasslands of the world Salt de
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188 Grasslands of the world TABLE 5
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190 Grasslands of the world soils d
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192 (c) Grassland with Melica macra
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196 Figure 5.3 Forage offer (FO ) a
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198 Grasslands of the world which a
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200 Grasslands of the world Fertili
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202 Grasslands of the world their c
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204 Grasslands of the world Paspalu
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210 Grasslands of the world Researc
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212 Grasslands of the world It is n
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214 Grasslands of the world Subtrop
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216 Grasslands of the world (Argent
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218 Grasslands of the world para Ba
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Grasslands of central North America
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REX PIEPER REX PIEPER Grasslands of
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
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MAE ELSINGER DUANE McCARTNEY Grassl
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JEFF PRINTZ, USDA-NRCS JEFF PRINTZ,
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S.G. REYNOLDS DUANE McCARTNEY Grass
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MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
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266 Figure 7.1 Map of Mongolia . Pl
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268 TABLE 7.1 Land resources of Mon
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270 TABLE 7.3 Projected total popul
Page 293 and 294: 272 Plate 7.5 Wheat was once grown
Page 295 and 296: 274 Grasslands of the world made of
Page 297 and 298: 276 Grasslands of the world four ho
Page 299 and 300: 278 Plate 7.9 Saddle horses on hitc
Page 301 and 302: 280 TABLE 7.5 Haymaking by producer
Page 303 and 304: 282 Plate 7.11 Meadow grazing - Ark
Page 305 and 306: 284 Grasslands of the world croppin
Page 307 and 308: 286 TABLE 7.10 Evolution of stock n
Page 309 and 310: 288 Plate 7.14 Polled yak in autumn
Page 311 and 312: 290 Figure 7.3 Evolution of stock u
Page 313 and 314: 292 Grasslands of the world of this
Page 315 and 316: 294 Grasslands of the world TABLE 7
Page 317 and 318: 296 Grasslands of the world can go
Page 319 and 320: 298 Grasslands of the world arable
Page 321 and 322: 300 Grasslands of the world regulat
Page 323 and 324: 302 Grasslands of the world systems
Page 325 and 326: 304 Grasslands of the world Suttie,
Page 327 and 328: 306 Grasslands of the world Figure
Page 329 and 330: 308 Plate 8.3 Harvested wheat in th
Page 331 and 332: 310 Grasslands of the world Tang. T
Page 333 and 334: 312 TABLE 8.1 Grassland types of th
Page 335 and 336: 314 Plate 8.5 Poa alpina . Plate 8.
Page 337 and 338: 316 Grasslands of the world precipi
Page 339 and 340: 318 Grasslands of the world TABLE 8
Page 341 and 342: 320 Grasslands of the world of the
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Page 347 and 348: 326 Grasslands of the world The num
Page 349 and 350: 328 Grasslands of the world part of
Page 351 and 352: 330 Grasslands of the world Plate 8
Page 353 and 354: 332 Grasslands of the world 340 000
Page 355 and 356: 334 Plate 8.20 Longri summer camp.
Page 357 and 358: 336 Grasslands of the world There i
Page 359 and 360: 338 Grasslands of the world Clarke,
Page 361 and 362: 340 Grasslands of the world Kush-Hi
Page 363 and 364: 342 Grasslands of the world William
Page 365 and 366: 344 Grasslands of the world grazing
Page 367 and 368: 346 Grasslands of the world Growing
Page 369 and 370: 348 Grasslands of the world that co
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Page 373 and 374: 352 Grasslands of the world This zo
Page 375 and 376: 354 Figure 9.2 Natural vegetation z
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Page 379 and 380: 358 Grasslands of the world after r
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Page 383 and 384: 362 Grasslands of the world Tropica
Page 385 and 386: 364 Grasslands of the world AVAILAB
Page 389 and 390: 368 Grasslands of the world from th
Page 391 and 392: 370 Grasslands of the world grassla
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374 Grasslands of the world FUTURE
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376 Grasslands of the world Hall, T
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378 Grasslands of the world Martin,
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380 Grasslands of the world Wilson,
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382 Figure 10.1 Extent of grassland
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384 Grasslands of the world with su
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386 Grasslands of the world was to
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388 Plate 10.1 Agropyron pectinifor
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390 Plate 10.3 Festuca sulcata Gras
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392 Grasslands of the world The FSU
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394 Grasslands of the world thinkin
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396 TABLE 10.4 Climate data of the
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398 Plate 10.5 Kochia prostrata Pla
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400 Plate 10.7 Forest -steppe with
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402 Grasslands of the world Young f
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404 Plate 10.9 Poa bulbosa. Grassla
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406 Grasslands of the world shade-l
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408 Grasslands of the world Physica
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410 Grasslands of the world Mikheev
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412 Grasslands of the world it was
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414 Grasslands of the world of grou
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416 Grasslands of the world Vil’y
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418 Plate 11.1 Trifolium fragiferum
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420 Plate 11.2 Millet, a major crop
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424 Grasslands of the world sudania
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426 Grasslands of the world perenni
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428 Plate 11.8 Park grasslands in N
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430 Grasslands of the world In Para
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432 Plate 11.10b A grassland domina
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434 Grasslands of the world the nor
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436 Grasslands of the world remaini
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438 Plate 11.15 Small ruminants on
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440 Plate 11.19 Qinghai - motorcycl
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442 Plate 11.21 Leymus chinensis .
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444 Plate 11.22 The Himalaya -Hindu
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446 Plate 11.24 Transhumant Kuchi f
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448 Grasslands of the world grazing
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450 Plate 11.27 Delivering fodder t
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452 Plate 11.29 Syrian rangeland ha
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454 Grasslands of the world tains.
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456 Grasslands of the world Turkey
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458 Plate 11.31 Sainfoin (Onobrychi
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460 Grasslands of the world Gintzbu
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Grassland perspectives 463 Chapter
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Grassland perspectives 465 as well
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ALICE CARLONI ALICE CARLONI Grassla
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Grassland perspectives 469 The gras
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Grassland perspectives 471 Trees an
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Grassland perspectives 473 is lost.
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Grassland perspectives 475 breeding
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Grassland perspectives 477 traditio
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Grassland perspectives 479 the numb
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Grassland perspectives 481 to sown
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S.G. REYNOLDS SARDI Grassland persp
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MAGNUS HALLING SARDI Grassland pers
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Grassland perspectives 487 fencing
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MARZIO MARZOT Grassland perspective
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grassland perspective
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Grassland perspectives 493 extremel
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Index 495 A Acacia spp. 31, 34, 36,
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Index 497 B Baccharis spp. 175, 182
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Index 499 Chamaecrista spp. 199, 37
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Index 501 ciliatum 199 elegans 199
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Index 503 fl echillares 176, 177 fl
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Index 505 I Imperata spp. 3, 442, 4
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Index 507 sheep 288, 323, 326, 330
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Index 509 Poa spp. 133, 134, 135, 1
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Index 511 Sheep 14, 15, 38, 39, 84,
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Index 513 Tiller density 204 Touris
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