Grasslands of the World.pdf - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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The South American Campos ecosystem 219 Royo Pallarés, O. & Mufarrege, D.J. 1970. Producción animal de pasturas subtropicales fertilizadas. INTA EEA Mercedes (Ctes), Argentina . Serie Técnica, No. 6. 23 p. Royo Pallarés, O., Pizzio, R.M., Ocampo, E.P., Benitez, C.A. & Fernandez, J.G. 1998. Carga y fertilización fosfórica en la ganancia de peso de novillos en pastizales de Corrientes. Revista Argentina de Produccion Animal, 18(Suppl. 1): 101–102. Sala, O.E. 1988. Efecto del pastoreo sobre la estructura de la vegetación a distintas escalas de tiempo y espacio. Revista Argentina de Produccion Animal 8(Suppl. 1): 6–7. San Julián, R., Montossi, F., Berretta, E.J., Levratto, J., Zamit, W. & Ríos, M. 1998. Alternativas de manejo y alimentación invernal de la recría ovina en la región de Basalto. pp. 209–228, in: E.J. Berretta (ed). Seminario de Actualización en Tecnologías para Basalto. INIA Tacuarembó, Uruguay . Montevideo, Uruguay: Hemisferio Sur. (INIA Serie Técnica, No. 102). Setelich, E.A. 1994. Potencial produtivo de uma pastagem nativa do Rio Grande do Sul submetida a distintas ofertas de forragem. Magisterial thesis. Faculty of Agronomy, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil . 123 p. Scholl, J.M., Lobato, J.F.P. & Barreto, I.L. 1976. Improvement of pasture by direct seeding into native grass in Southern Brazil with oats, and with nitrogen supplied by fertilizer or arrowleaf clover. Turrialba, 26(2): 144–149. Tothill, J.C., Dzowela, B.D. & Diallo, A. K. 1989. Present and future role of grasslands in inter-tropical countries, with special references to ecological and sociological constraints. pp. 1719–1724, in: Proceedings of the 16th International Grasslands Congress. Nice, France. van der Sluijs, D.H. 1971. Native grasslands of the Mesopotamia region of Argentina . Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 19: 3–22. Vieira da Silva, J. 1979. Introduction à la théorie écologique. Paris, France: Masson. Wilken, F. 1985. Aspectos económicos de la suplementación mineral. Resultados en campos de cría del sur de Corrientes. Revista Argentina de Produccion Animal, 4(Suppl. 3): 71–74.
Grasslands of central North America 221 Chapter 6 Grasslands of central North America Rex D. Pieper SUMMARY At the time of colonial settlement there was extensive grassland from the prairies of Canada to the Gulf of Mexico on mainly level topography. Great Plains grassland is in three strips running north-south: tall-grass , mixed -grass and short-grass , with the tall-grass in the better watered west. Precipitation increase from west to east (320 to 900 mm) is the main factor governing primary productivity ; periodic droughts occur. Bison, the dominant large herbivore until the mid-nineteenth century, have largely been replaced by cattle . About half of the beef cattle in the United States of America are in the Great Plains. Woody vegetation types are embedded, with the trees varying according to latitude. C4 species comprise more than 80 percent from 30° to 42°N, while C3 species increase dramatically north of 42°N. Only 1 percent of the tall-grass remains; half of the short-grass is uncultivated; unproductive cropland is being put back to grass. Cattle predominate; sheep are far fewer and declining. Most land is privately owned, much in small farms . There is extensive ranching in dry areas. Grazing is seasonal, especially in the north with supplemental feed in winter . In favourable areas, sown pasture are used sometimes alongside range grazing . Rotational grazing is common, although research results on its advantage are mixed. Fire is used to suppress undesirable plants and increase fodder production. Grassland monitoring includes long-term ecological research sites. Introduced plants can cause problems: Euphorbia esula is an aggressive weed and Bromus japonicus often competes with native grasses. Many small operations are no longer economically viable, so many are being abandoned. Livestock enterprises should remain viable, although they have to compete with systems based on forage grown under irrigation. INTRODUCTION When European settlers first moved into the central portion of what is now the United States of America (USA ), they encountered an extensive , unbroken grassland extending from the prairies of Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico. While this grassland was generally free from woody plants, apparently there was a dynamic ecotone between the mountains and deserts to the west and the eastern deciduous forests in central and northern portions of the grassland (Bazzaz and Parrish, 1982; Gleason, 1913; Transeau, 1935). The general impression held by many observers was that conditions in this vast
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The views expressed in this publica
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iv Bush encroachment 60 Rehabilitat
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vi Grazing management 139 Sheep man
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viii Grazing lands, pasture and fod
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x Future 374 References 374 Chapter
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xii Herd management 474 Stocking ra
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xiv and environmental factors. Rese
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xvi or copied without her permissio
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xviii Glossary of technical terms a
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xx IUCN The World Conservation Unio
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Figure 1.1 Extent of the world’s
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2 Plate 1.2 Mosaic of cultivated cr
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4 Plate 1.4 Horse herd on grassland
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6 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.8
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8 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.1
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10 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.
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14 Grasslands of the world century.
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The above coverage leaves some obvi
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18 Grasslands of the world Riveros,
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20 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
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26 Plate 2.2 Large non-ruminant her
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34 Grasslands of the world low pala
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36 Grasslands of the world is impor
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38 Grasslands of the world recently
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40 Grasslands of the world degradat
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42 Grasslands of the world leasehol
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44 Grasslands of the world However,
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46 Grasslands of the world technolo
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48 Grasslands of the world subsiste
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50 Grasslands of the world able to
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54 Grasslands of the world tall veg
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56 Grasslands of the world with wil
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58 Grasslands of the world fragment
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62 Grasslands of the world Reseedin
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64 Grasslands of the world last to
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66 Grasslands of the world Bourn, D
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68 Grasslands of the world Ellis, J
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70 Grasslands of the world the Euro
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72 Grasslands of the world Niamir,
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74 Grasslands of the world Schlesin
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76 Grasslands of the world Wilen, C
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78 Grasslands of the world INTRODUC
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80 Figure 3.2 The extent of grassla
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84 Grasslands of the world Figure 3
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86 Grasslands of the world PEOPLE H
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88 Grasslands of the world The gras
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90 Grasslands of the world Here, la
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92 Grasslands of the world crop res
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94 Grasslands of the world Grasslan
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98 Grasslands of the world These gr
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100 Grasslands of the world high fl
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102 Grasslands of the world product
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104 Grasslands of the world Figure
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106 Plate 3.5 Foggage Kikuyu for wi
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108 Grasslands of the world Plate 3
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110 Grasslands of the world zation
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112 Grasslands of the world imagery
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114 Grasslands of the world Kalahar
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116 Grasslands of the world impleme
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118 Grasslands of the world Grossma
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120 Grasslands of the world Trollop
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122 Grasslands of the world farming
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124 ��
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126 Sheep numbers (millions) 20 15
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128 28 6 8 58 Title deed Legal occu
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130 Grasslands of the world into eq
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132 Figure 4.5 Biozones of Patagoni
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134 Grasslands of the world Semi-de
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136 Plate 4.3 A shrub steppe in the
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138 Grasslands of the world 2001).
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140 Grasslands of the world SHEEP M
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142 Grasslands of the world Patagon
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144 Grasslands of the world scarcit
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146 Grasslands of the world (Cavagn
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148 Grasslands of the world the gen
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150 Grasslands of the world In 1989
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152 TABLE 4.4 Complexity levels of
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154 Grasslands of the world could b
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156 Grasslands of the world of nort
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158 Grasslands of the world Bottini
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160 Grasslands of the world Reunió
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162 Grasslands of the world Ecolog
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164 Grasslands of the world Mainwar
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166 Grasslands of the world Oliva,
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Page 195 and 196: 172 Figure 5.1 The Campos region of
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Page 205 and 206: 182 Plate 5.1 Landscape in the Sier
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Page 209 and 210: 186 Grasslands of the world Salt de
Page 211 and 212: 188 Grasslands of the world TABLE 5
Page 213 and 214: 190 Grasslands of the world soils d
Page 215 and 216: 192 (c) Grassland with Melica macra
Page 219 and 220: 196 Figure 5.3 Forage offer (FO ) a
Page 221 and 222: 198 Grasslands of the world which a
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Page 245 and 246: REX PIEPER REX PIEPER Grasslands of
Page 247 and 248: Grasslands of central North America
Page 249 and 250: S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
Page 251 and 252: MAE ELSINGER DUANE McCARTNEY Grassl
Page 253 and 254: JEFF PRINTZ, USDA-NRCS JEFF PRINTZ,
Page 255 and 256: S.G. REYNOLDS DUANE McCARTNEY Grass
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Page 287 and 288: 266 Figure 7.1 Map of Mongolia . Pl
Page 289 and 290: 268 TABLE 7.1 Land resources of Mon
Page 291 and 292: 270 TABLE 7.3 Projected total popul
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272 Plate 7.5 Wheat was once grown
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274 Grasslands of the world made of
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276 Grasslands of the world four ho
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278 Plate 7.9 Saddle horses on hitc
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280 TABLE 7.5 Haymaking by producer
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282 Plate 7.11 Meadow grazing - Ark
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284 Grasslands of the world croppin
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286 TABLE 7.10 Evolution of stock n
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288 Plate 7.14 Polled yak in autumn
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290 Figure 7.3 Evolution of stock u
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292 Grasslands of the world of this
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294 Grasslands of the world TABLE 7
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296 Grasslands of the world can go
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298 Grasslands of the world arable
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300 Grasslands of the world regulat
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302 Grasslands of the world systems
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304 Grasslands of the world Suttie,
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306 Grasslands of the world Figure
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308 Plate 8.3 Harvested wheat in th
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310 Grasslands of the world Tang. T
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312 TABLE 8.1 Grassland types of th
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314 Plate 8.5 Poa alpina . Plate 8.
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316 Grasslands of the world precipi
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318 Grasslands of the world TABLE 8
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320 Grasslands of the world of the
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322 Plate 8.11 Kokonor camp with th
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324 Plate 8.14 Milk collection. Pla
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326 Grasslands of the world The num
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328 Grasslands of the world part of
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332 Grasslands of the world 340 000
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334 Plate 8.20 Longri summer camp.
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336 Grasslands of the world There i
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338 Grasslands of the world Clarke,
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340 Grasslands of the world Kush-Hi
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342 Grasslands of the world William
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344 Grasslands of the world grazing
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346 Grasslands of the world Growing
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348 Grasslands of the world that co
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350 Grasslands of the world cessati
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352 Grasslands of the world This zo
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354 Figure 9.2 Natural vegetation z
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356 Grasslands of the world or loam
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358 Grasslands of the world after r
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360 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 (a) Queensl
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362 Grasslands of the world Tropica
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364 Grasslands of the world AVAILAB
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368 Grasslands of the world from th
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370 Grasslands of the world grassla
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374 Grasslands of the world FUTURE
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376 Grasslands of the world Hall, T
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378 Grasslands of the world Martin,
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380 Grasslands of the world Wilson,
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382 Figure 10.1 Extent of grassland
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384 Grasslands of the world with su
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386 Grasslands of the world was to
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388 Plate 10.1 Agropyron pectinifor
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390 Plate 10.3 Festuca sulcata Gras
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392 Grasslands of the world The FSU
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394 Grasslands of the world thinkin
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396 TABLE 10.4 Climate data of the
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398 Plate 10.5 Kochia prostrata Pla
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400 Plate 10.7 Forest -steppe with
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402 Grasslands of the world Young f
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404 Plate 10.9 Poa bulbosa. Grassla
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406 Grasslands of the world shade-l
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408 Grasslands of the world Physica
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410 Grasslands of the world Mikheev
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412 Grasslands of the world it was
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414 Grasslands of the world of grou
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416 Grasslands of the world Vil’y
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418 Plate 11.1 Trifolium fragiferum
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420 Plate 11.2 Millet, a major crop
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424 Grasslands of the world sudania
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426 Grasslands of the world perenni
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428 Plate 11.8 Park grasslands in N
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430 Grasslands of the world In Para
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432 Plate 11.10b A grassland domina
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434 Grasslands of the world the nor
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436 Grasslands of the world remaini
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438 Plate 11.15 Small ruminants on
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440 Plate 11.19 Qinghai - motorcycl
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442 Plate 11.21 Leymus chinensis .
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444 Plate 11.22 The Himalaya -Hindu
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446 Plate 11.24 Transhumant Kuchi f
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448 Grasslands of the world grazing
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450 Plate 11.27 Delivering fodder t
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452 Plate 11.29 Syrian rangeland ha
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454 Grasslands of the world tains.
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456 Grasslands of the world Turkey
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458 Plate 11.31 Sainfoin (Onobrychi
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460 Grasslands of the world Gintzbu
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Grassland perspectives 463 Chapter
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Grassland perspectives 465 as well
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ALICE CARLONI ALICE CARLONI Grassla
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Grassland perspectives 469 The gras
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Grassland perspectives 471 Trees an
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Grassland perspectives 473 is lost.
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Grassland perspectives 475 breeding
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Grassland perspectives 477 traditio
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Grassland perspectives 479 the numb
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Grassland perspectives 481 to sown
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S.G. REYNOLDS SARDI Grassland persp
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MAGNUS HALLING SARDI Grassland pers
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Grassland perspectives 487 fencing
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MARZIO MARZOT Grassland perspective
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grassland perspective
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Grassland perspectives 493 extremel
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Index 495 A Acacia spp. 31, 34, 36,
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Index 497 B Baccharis spp. 175, 182
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Index 499 Chamaecrista spp. 199, 37
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Index 501 ciliatum 199 elegans 199
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Index 503 fl echillares 176, 177 fl
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Index 505 I Imperata spp. 3, 442, 4
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Index 507 sheep 288, 323, 326, 330
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Index 509 Poa spp. 133, 134, 135, 1
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Index 511 Sheep 14, 15, 38, 39, 84,
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Index 513 Tiller density 204 Touris
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