Grasslands of the World.pdf - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Other grasslands 421 The Sahelian grazing lands have suffered much damage in the past fifty years, through an increasing human population, excessive advance of cropping into very marginal areas and serious deforestation, mainly for firewood, all exacerbated by recurrent droughts . The great drought of 1968 was particularly serious, as were others in the early 1980s. The Sudanian zone , with from 500 mm to 1 100 mm/yr rainfall , is mainly on ferruginous tropical soils, with colluvions in depressions. Agricultural activity is more intense and the chance of crops succeeding is much more reliable. Millet is still important on light soils in the drier parts, along with cowpea and groundnut, with sorghum on heavier soils. The range of crops widens as rainfall increases: maize is grown and cotton is a cash crop. Stock-rearing is sedentary, with some migration away from cropland in the growing season. Areas with between 800 and 1 400 mm/yr precipitation is “parkland”, where much of the original forest has been cleared for cropping but trees that yield useful products have been protected; it is characterized by Vitellaria paradoxa (shea butter), Parkia biglobosa, Lannea acida and Sclerocaraya birrea. The herbaceous layer was dominated by Andropogon gayanus , which is becoming scarce because of clearing and in cultivated areas has been replaced by vast areas of poor, unpalatable grasses. Forage quality is generally poorer than in the Sahel . In the subhumid Sudano-Guinean zone , the rains last five to seven months, and agriculture is oriented to tubers (yams, cassava) and fruits. This is the wooded savannah (savane arborée - analogous to the miombo of centralsouthern Africa) and open forest (forêt claire). The tree layer is dominated by Daniella olivieri and Isoberlina doka, and associated grasses are Hyperaemia spp. , Schizachryium rupestre , S. semi-herbe and Diheteropogon hagerupii . The southern, humid parts of West Africa are not grazing areas. Tsetse flies (Glossina spp. ), the vectors of trypanosomiasis, are a major hindrance to the expansion of animal husbandry; ticks are also a serious problem. Root crops are important for subsistence, and many tree crops are grown, including oilpalm and cacao. There are two main stock-rearing ethnic groups, the Tuareg and the Fulani (Peul). Tuareg live on the desert fringe , and are divided into many groups: some are still exclusively transhumant herders; others are part of a pastoral economy, staying in villages or camps close to their fields . Exclusive herders occupy land that is unsuitable for crops , to the north of the agropastoralists. Fulani (Plate 11.3) are cattle breeders, but small ruminants (Plate 11.4) provide meat for a family while cattle are capital, investment and prestige. There are both stock-rearing and agropastoralist groups; agropastoralist Fulani occupy the southern Sahelian space. Transhumant groups sow millet near the fringe of cultivation during their migration. As tsetse fly challenge is reduced through tree and bush clearing , Fulani are increasingly settling, notably in Nigeria. Transhumance systems traverse the land of farming communities and their herds may graze the stovers and fallows of farming groups. Many agricultural
422 Grasslands of the world Plate 11.3 Wodaabe man with his herd. The Wodaabe are nomads and are part of the Fulani ethnic group . Plate 11.4 Small ruminants on the move. groups keep few or no cattle and the transhumant herds help by manuring some fields . This is changing and farmers increasingly conserve their stovers and may even sell them to passing herds. Camels (Plate 11.5) are kept throughout the Sahelian zone but do not enter the trypanosomiasis areas. Sheep are local breeds and may be milked; Fulani MARZIO MARZOT MARZIO MARZOT
Page 3 and 4:
The views expressed in this publica
Page 5 and 6:
iv Bush encroachment 60 Rehabilitat
Page 7 and 8:
vi Grazing management 139 Sheep man
Page 9 and 10:
viii Grazing lands, pasture and fod
Page 11 and 12:
x Future 374 References 374 Chapter
Page 13 and 14:
xii Herd management 474 Stocking ra
Page 15 and 16:
xiv and environmental factors. Rese
Page 17 and 18:
xvi or copied without her permissio
Page 19 and 20:
xviii Glossary of technical terms a
Page 21 and 22:
xx IUCN The World Conservation Unio
Page 23 and 24:
Figure 1.1 Extent of the world’s
Page 25 and 26:
2 Plate 1.2 Mosaic of cultivated cr
Page 27 and 28:
4 Plate 1.4 Horse herd on grassland
Page 29 and 30:
6 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.8
Page 31 and 32:
8 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.1
Page 33 and 34:
10 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
14 Grasslands of the world century.
Page 39 and 40:
The above coverage leaves some obvi
Page 41 and 42:
18 Grasslands of the world Riveros,
Page 43 and 44:
20 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
26 Plate 2.2 Large non-ruminant her
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
34 Grasslands of the world low pala
Page 59 and 60:
36 Grasslands of the world is impor
Page 61 and 62:
38 Grasslands of the world recently
Page 63 and 64:
40 Grasslands of the world degradat
Page 65 and 66:
42 Grasslands of the world leasehol
Page 67 and 68:
44 Grasslands of the world However,
Page 69 and 70:
46 Grasslands of the world technolo
Page 71 and 72:
48 Grasslands of the world subsiste
Page 73 and 74:
50 Grasslands of the world able to
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
54 Grasslands of the world tall veg
Page 79 and 80:
56 Grasslands of the world with wil
Page 81 and 82:
58 Grasslands of the world fragment
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
62 Grasslands of the world Reseedin
Page 87 and 88:
64 Grasslands of the world last to
Page 89 and 90:
66 Grasslands of the world Bourn, D
Page 91 and 92:
68 Grasslands of the world Ellis, J
Page 93 and 94:
70 Grasslands of the world the Euro
Page 95 and 96:
72 Grasslands of the world Niamir,
Page 97 and 98:
74 Grasslands of the world Schlesin
Page 99 and 100:
76 Grasslands of the world Wilen, C
Page 101 and 102:
78 Grasslands of the world INTRODUC
Page 103 and 104:
80 Figure 3.2 The extent of grassla
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
84 Grasslands of the world Figure 3
Page 109 and 110:
86 Grasslands of the world PEOPLE H
Page 111 and 112:
88 Grasslands of the world The gras
Page 113 and 114:
90 Grasslands of the world Here, la
Page 115 and 116:
92 Grasslands of the world crop res
Page 117 and 118:
94 Grasslands of the world Grasslan
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
98 Grasslands of the world These gr
Page 123 and 124:
100 Grasslands of the world high fl
Page 125 and 126:
102 Grasslands of the world product
Page 127 and 128:
104 Grasslands of the world Figure
Page 129 and 130:
106 Plate 3.5 Foggage Kikuyu for wi
Page 131 and 132:
108 Grasslands of the world Plate 3
Page 133 and 134:
110 Grasslands of the world zation
Page 135 and 136:
112 Grasslands of the world imagery
Page 137 and 138:
114 Grasslands of the world Kalahar
Page 139 and 140:
116 Grasslands of the world impleme
Page 141 and 142:
118 Grasslands of the world Grossma
Page 143 and 144:
120 Grasslands of the world Trollop
Page 145 and 146:
122 Grasslands of the world farming
Page 147 and 148:
124 ��
Page 149 and 150:
126 Sheep numbers (millions) 20 15
Page 151 and 152:
128 28 6 8 58 Title deed Legal occu
Page 153 and 154:
130 Grasslands of the world into eq
Page 155 and 156:
132 Figure 4.5 Biozones of Patagoni
Page 157 and 158:
134 Grasslands of the world Semi-de
Page 159 and 160:
136 Plate 4.3 A shrub steppe in the
Page 161 and 162:
138 Grasslands of the world 2001).
Page 163 and 164:
140 Grasslands of the world SHEEP M
Page 165 and 166:
142 Grasslands of the world Patagon
Page 167 and 168:
144 Grasslands of the world scarcit
Page 169 and 170:
146 Grasslands of the world (Cavagn
Page 171 and 172:
148 Grasslands of the world the gen
Page 173 and 174:
150 Grasslands of the world In 1989
Page 175 and 176:
152 TABLE 4.4 Complexity levels of
Page 177 and 178:
154 Grasslands of the world could b
Page 179 and 180:
156 Grasslands of the world of nort
Page 181 and 182:
158 Grasslands of the world Bottini
Page 183 and 184:
160 Grasslands of the world Reunió
Page 185 and 186:
162 Grasslands of the world Ecolog
Page 187 and 188:
164 Grasslands of the world Mainwar
Page 189 and 190:
166 Grasslands of the world Oliva,
Page 191 and 192:
168 Grasslands of the world Sain, C
Page 193 and 194:
170 Grasslands of the world austral
Page 195 and 196:
172 Figure 5.1 The Campos region of
Page 197 and 198:
174 Grasslands of the world bezoart
Page 199 and 200:
176 Grasslands of the world On the
Page 201 and 202:
178 Grasslands of the world Product
Page 203 and 204:
180 Grasslands of the world Some sp
Page 205 and 206:
182 Plate 5.1 Landscape in the Sier
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
186 Grasslands of the world Salt de
Page 211 and 212:
188 Grasslands of the world TABLE 5
Page 213 and 214:
190 Grasslands of the world soils d
Page 215 and 216:
192 (c) Grassland with Melica macra
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
196 Figure 5.3 Forage offer (FO ) a
Page 221 and 222:
198 Grasslands of the world which a
Page 223 and 224:
200 Grasslands of the world Fertili
Page 225 and 226:
202 Grasslands of the world their c
Page 227 and 228:
204 Grasslands of the world Paspalu
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
210 Grasslands of the world Researc
Page 235 and 236:
212 Grasslands of the world It is n
Page 237 and 238:
214 Grasslands of the world Subtrop
Page 239 and 240:
216 Grasslands of the world (Argent
Page 241 and 242:
218 Grasslands of the world para Ba
Page 243 and 244:
Grasslands of central North America
Page 245 and 246:
REX PIEPER REX PIEPER Grasslands of
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
Page 251 and 252:
MAE ELSINGER DUANE McCARTNEY Grassl
Page 253 and 254:
JEFF PRINTZ, USDA-NRCS JEFF PRINTZ,
Page 255 and 256:
S.G. REYNOLDS DUANE McCARTNEY Grass
Page 257 and 258:
MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
266 Figure 7.1 Map of Mongolia . Pl
Page 289 and 290:
268 TABLE 7.1 Land resources of Mon
Page 291 and 292:
270 TABLE 7.3 Projected total popul
Page 293 and 294:
272 Plate 7.5 Wheat was once grown
Page 295 and 296:
274 Grasslands of the world made of
Page 297 and 298:
276 Grasslands of the world four ho
Page 299 and 300:
278 Plate 7.9 Saddle horses on hitc
Page 301 and 302:
280 TABLE 7.5 Haymaking by producer
Page 303 and 304:
282 Plate 7.11 Meadow grazing - Ark
Page 305 and 306:
284 Grasslands of the world croppin
Page 307 and 308:
286 TABLE 7.10 Evolution of stock n
Page 309 and 310:
288 Plate 7.14 Polled yak in autumn
Page 311 and 312:
290 Figure 7.3 Evolution of stock u
Page 313 and 314:
292 Grasslands of the world of this
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
296 Grasslands of the world can go
Page 319 and 320:
298 Grasslands of the world arable
Page 321 and 322:
300 Grasslands of the world regulat
Page 323 and 324:
302 Grasslands of the world systems
Page 325 and 326:
304 Grasslands of the world Suttie,
Page 327 and 328:
306 Grasslands of the world Figure
Page 329 and 330:
308 Plate 8.3 Harvested wheat in th
Page 331 and 332:
310 Grasslands of the world Tang. T
Page 333 and 334:
312 TABLE 8.1 Grassland types of th
Page 335 and 336:
314 Plate 8.5 Poa alpina . Plate 8.
Page 337 and 338:
316 Grasslands of the world precipi
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
320 Grasslands of the world of the
Page 343 and 344:
322 Plate 8.11 Kokonor camp with th
Page 345 and 346:
324 Plate 8.14 Milk collection. Pla
Page 347 and 348:
326 Grasslands of the world The num
Page 349 and 350:
328 Grasslands of the world part of
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
332 Grasslands of the world 340 000
Page 355 and 356:
334 Plate 8.20 Longri summer camp.
Page 357 and 358:
336 Grasslands of the world There i
Page 359 and 360:
338 Grasslands of the world Clarke,
Page 361 and 362:
340 Grasslands of the world Kush-Hi
Page 363 and 364:
342 Grasslands of the world William
Page 365 and 366:
344 Grasslands of the world grazing
Page 367 and 368:
346 Grasslands of the world Growing
Page 369 and 370:
348 Grasslands of the world that co
Page 371 and 372:
350 Grasslands of the world cessati
Page 373 and 374:
352 Grasslands of the world This zo
Page 375 and 376:
354 Figure 9.2 Natural vegetation z
Page 377 and 378:
356 Grasslands of the world or loam
Page 379 and 380:
358 Grasslands of the world after r
Page 381 and 382:
360 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 (a) Queensl
Page 383 and 384:
362 Grasslands of the world Tropica
Page 385 and 386:
364 Grasslands of the world AVAILAB
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
368 Grasslands of the world from th
Page 391 and 392: 370 Grasslands of the world grassla
Page 393 and 394: 372 Grasslands of the world Plate 9
Page 395 and 396: 374 Grasslands of the world FUTURE
Page 397 and 398: 376 Grasslands of the world Hall, T
Page 399 and 400: 378 Grasslands of the world Martin,
Page 401 and 402: 380 Grasslands of the world Wilson,
Page 403 and 404: 382 Figure 10.1 Extent of grassland
Page 405 and 406: 384 Grasslands of the world with su
Page 407 and 408: 386 Grasslands of the world was to
Page 409 and 410: 388 Plate 10.1 Agropyron pectinifor
Page 411 and 412: 390 Plate 10.3 Festuca sulcata Gras
Page 413 and 414: 392 Grasslands of the world The FSU
Page 415 and 416: 394 Grasslands of the world thinkin
Page 417 and 418: 396 TABLE 10.4 Climate data of the
Page 419 and 420: 398 Plate 10.5 Kochia prostrata Pla
Page 421 and 422: 400 Plate 10.7 Forest -steppe with
Page 423 and 424: 402 Grasslands of the world Young f
Page 425 and 426: 404 Plate 10.9 Poa bulbosa. Grassla
Page 427 and 428: 406 Grasslands of the world shade-l
Page 429 and 430: 408 Grasslands of the world Physica
Page 431 and 432: 410 Grasslands of the world Mikheev
Page 433 and 434: 412 Grasslands of the world it was
Page 435 and 436: 414 Grasslands of the world of grou
Page 437 and 438: 416 Grasslands of the world Vil’y
Page 439 and 440: 418 Plate 11.1 Trifolium fragiferum
Page 441: 420 Plate 11.2 Millet, a major crop
Page 445 and 446: 424 Grasslands of the world sudania
Page 447 and 448: 426 Grasslands of the world perenni
Page 449 and 450: 428 Plate 11.8 Park grasslands in N
Page 451 and 452: 430 Grasslands of the world In Para
Page 453 and 454: 432 Plate 11.10b A grassland domina
Page 455 and 456: 434 Grasslands of the world the nor
Page 457 and 458: 436 Grasslands of the world remaini
Page 459 and 460: 438 Plate 11.15 Small ruminants on
Page 461 and 462: 440 Plate 11.19 Qinghai - motorcycl
Page 463 and 464: 442 Plate 11.21 Leymus chinensis .
Page 465 and 466: 444 Plate 11.22 The Himalaya -Hindu
Page 467 and 468: 446 Plate 11.24 Transhumant Kuchi f
Page 469 and 470: 448 Grasslands of the world grazing
Page 471 and 472: 450 Plate 11.27 Delivering fodder t
Page 473 and 474: 452 Plate 11.29 Syrian rangeland ha
Page 475 and 476: 454 Grasslands of the world tains.
Page 477 and 478: 456 Grasslands of the world Turkey
Page 479 and 480: 458 Plate 11.31 Sainfoin (Onobrychi
Page 481 and 482: 460 Grasslands of the world Gintzbu
Page 483 and 484: Grassland perspectives 463 Chapter
Page 485 and 486: Grassland perspectives 465 as well
Page 487 and 488: ALICE CARLONI ALICE CARLONI Grassla
Page 489 and 490: Grassland perspectives 469 The gras
Page 491 and 492: Grassland perspectives 471 Trees an
Page 493 and 494:
Grassland perspectives 473 is lost.
Page 495 and 496:
Grassland perspectives 475 breeding
Page 497 and 498:
Grassland perspectives 477 traditio
Page 499 and 500:
Grassland perspectives 479 the numb
Page 501 and 502:
Grassland perspectives 481 to sown
Page 503 and 504:
S.G. REYNOLDS SARDI Grassland persp
Page 505 and 506:
MAGNUS HALLING SARDI Grassland pers
Page 507 and 508:
Grassland perspectives 487 fencing
Page 509 and 510:
MARZIO MARZOT Grassland perspective
Page 511 and 512:
S.G. REYNOLDS Grassland perspective
Page 513 and 514:
Grassland perspectives 493 extremel
Page 515 and 516:
Index 495 A Acacia spp. 31, 34, 36,
Page 517 and 518:
Index 497 B Baccharis spp. 175, 182
Page 519 and 520:
Index 499 Chamaecrista spp. 199, 37
Page 521 and 522:
Index 501 ciliatum 199 elegans 199
Page 523 and 524:
Index 503 fl echillares 176, 177 fl
Page 525 and 526:
Index 505 I Imperata spp. 3, 442, 4
Page 527 and 528:
Index 507 sheep 288, 323, 326, 330
Page 529 and 530:
Index 509 Poa spp. 133, 134, 135, 1
Page 531 and 532:
Index 511 Sheep 14, 15, 38, 39, 84,
Page 533 and 534:
Index 513 Tiller density 204 Touris
show all

Grasslands of the World.pdf - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?