Grasslands of the World.pdf - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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Other grasslands 461 Ryan, J., Vlek, P. & Paroda, R. 2004. Agriculture in Central Asia : Research and Development. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the American Society for Agronomy Annual Meetings, 10–14 November 2002. ICARDA: Aleppo, Syria . Suttie, J.M. & Reynolds, S.G. (eds). 2003. Transhumant Grazing Systems in Temperate Asia. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 31. 331 p. Suttie, J.M. & Reynolds, S.G. (eds). 2004. Fodder oats: a world overview. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 33. 251 p. Thieme, O. 2000. Pasture Profile for Afghanistan . See: http://www.fao.org/ag/ AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/AFGAN.htm Vera, R.R. 2003 Pasture Profile for Venezuela . See: http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/ AGPC/doc/Counprof/venezuela.htm Wang, W.L. 2003. Studies on traditional transhumance and a system where herders return to settled winter bases in Burjin county, Altay prefecture, Xinjiang , China .. In: Suttie & Reynolds, 2003, q.v. Wangdi, K. 2002. Pasture Profile for Bhutan . See: http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/ AGPC/doc/Counprof/Bhutan.htm Wickens, G.E. 1997. Has the Sahel a future? Journal of Arid Environments, 37: 649–663. Wiener, G., Jianlin, H. & Ruijun, L. 2003. The yak. 2nd edition. FAO/ RAOP publication 2003/06. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. See: http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_ file=/DOCREP/006/AD347E/AD347E00.htm
Grassland perspectives 463 Chapter 12 Grassland perspectives INTRODUCTION Most high quality grassland is now converted to crops , mixed farming or artificial pastures, so extensive grazing is a way of making economic use of grassland that is not suited to more intensive agricultural enterprises. It follows that investment in such grasslands should be kept to the minimum necessary for their profitable and sustainable exploitation by livestock, whether they be managed commercially or traditionally. GRASSLAND SYSTEMS The main chapters have reviewed a wide and representative variety of grasslands in a range of climates, from cold continental to the Equator. Five – eastern Africa , southern Africa, Mongolia , the Tibetan Steppe and the Russian Steppe – are ancient grazing lands . The remaining four have been settled and stocked in relatively recent times: Patagonia , the Campos , central North America and Australia . Some are used by traditional, partly subsistence systems ; eastern Africa and part of southern Africa are managed traditionally; and Mongolia has reverted to subsistence herding . Patagonia, the Campos, the Great Plains and Australia are managed commercially. Three areas, Mongolia, the Tibetan Plateau and Russia , have undergone collectivization and decollectivization during the past century. Most of the systems described have some interaction with crop production and fodder production or agropastoralism, for, at farm or regional level, grazing lands and crop production are often mutually dependent, but Mongolia, Tibet Autonomous Region, China and, to a lesser degree, Patagonia are purely pastoral . Of the systems described briefly in Chapter 11, West Africa and Madagascar are tropical , traditional systems; North Africa , the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan are subtropical semi -arid areas where transhumant herding had been traditional but where breakdown of traditional authority and grazing systems , aggravated by sedentarization, cheap cereals and motor transport, has led to very severe pasture degradation . The South American systems – the Gran Chaco , the Pampas and the Llanos – are commercial systems of relatively recent settlement. Central Asia and China (at least its northern and western grazing lands ), which are contiguous, were areas of transhumant herding, but systems have been disturbed, first by collectivization and then by decollectivization, which has followed very different paths in the two areas. The Hindu Kush-Himalaya zone, which has both sedentary and transhumant systems on the same grasslands, is under severe stress due to population increase. Turkey was a pastoral country, but much of the grasslands have been developed for increasingly commercial
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The views expressed in this publica
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iv Bush encroachment 60 Rehabilitat
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vi Grazing management 139 Sheep man
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viii Grazing lands, pasture and fod
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x Future 374 References 374 Chapter
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xii Herd management 474 Stocking ra
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xiv and environmental factors. Rese
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xvi or copied without her permissio
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xviii Glossary of technical terms a
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xx IUCN The World Conservation Unio
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Figure 1.1 Extent of the world’s
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2 Plate 1.2 Mosaic of cultivated cr
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4 Plate 1.4 Horse herd on grassland
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6 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.8
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8 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.1
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10 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.
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14 Grasslands of the world century.
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The above coverage leaves some obvi
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18 Grasslands of the world Riveros,
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20 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
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26 Plate 2.2 Large non-ruminant her
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34 Grasslands of the world low pala
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36 Grasslands of the world is impor
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38 Grasslands of the world recently
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40 Grasslands of the world degradat
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42 Grasslands of the world leasehol
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44 Grasslands of the world However,
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46 Grasslands of the world technolo
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48 Grasslands of the world subsiste
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50 Grasslands of the world able to
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54 Grasslands of the world tall veg
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56 Grasslands of the world with wil
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58 Grasslands of the world fragment
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62 Grasslands of the world Reseedin
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64 Grasslands of the world last to
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66 Grasslands of the world Bourn, D
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68 Grasslands of the world Ellis, J
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70 Grasslands of the world the Euro
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72 Grasslands of the world Niamir,
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74 Grasslands of the world Schlesin
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76 Grasslands of the world Wilen, C
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78 Grasslands of the world INTRODUC
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80 Figure 3.2 The extent of grassla
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84 Grasslands of the world Figure 3
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86 Grasslands of the world PEOPLE H
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88 Grasslands of the world The gras
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90 Grasslands of the world Here, la
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92 Grasslands of the world crop res
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94 Grasslands of the world Grasslan
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98 Grasslands of the world These gr
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100 Grasslands of the world high fl
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102 Grasslands of the world product
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104 Grasslands of the world Figure
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106 Plate 3.5 Foggage Kikuyu for wi
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108 Grasslands of the world Plate 3
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110 Grasslands of the world zation
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112 Grasslands of the world imagery
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114 Grasslands of the world Kalahar
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116 Grasslands of the world impleme
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118 Grasslands of the world Grossma
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120 Grasslands of the world Trollop
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122 Grasslands of the world farming
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124 ��
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126 Sheep numbers (millions) 20 15
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128 28 6 8 58 Title deed Legal occu
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130 Grasslands of the world into eq
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132 Figure 4.5 Biozones of Patagoni
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134 Grasslands of the world Semi-de
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136 Plate 4.3 A shrub steppe in the
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138 Grasslands of the world 2001).
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140 Grasslands of the world SHEEP M
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142 Grasslands of the world Patagon
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144 Grasslands of the world scarcit
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146 Grasslands of the world (Cavagn
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148 Grasslands of the world the gen
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150 Grasslands of the world In 1989
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152 TABLE 4.4 Complexity levels of
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154 Grasslands of the world could b
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156 Grasslands of the world of nort
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158 Grasslands of the world Bottini
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160 Grasslands of the world Reunió
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162 Grasslands of the world Ecolog
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164 Grasslands of the world Mainwar
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166 Grasslands of the world Oliva,
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168 Grasslands of the world Sain, C
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170 Grasslands of the world austral
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172 Figure 5.1 The Campos region of
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174 Grasslands of the world bezoart
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176 Grasslands of the world On the
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178 Grasslands of the world Product
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180 Grasslands of the world Some sp
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182 Plate 5.1 Landscape in the Sier
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186 Grasslands of the world Salt de
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188 Grasslands of the world TABLE 5
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190 Grasslands of the world soils d
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192 (c) Grassland with Melica macra
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196 Figure 5.3 Forage offer (FO ) a
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198 Grasslands of the world which a
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200 Grasslands of the world Fertili
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202 Grasslands of the world their c
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204 Grasslands of the world Paspalu
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210 Grasslands of the world Researc
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212 Grasslands of the world It is n
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214 Grasslands of the world Subtrop
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216 Grasslands of the world (Argent
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218 Grasslands of the world para Ba
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Grasslands of central North America
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REX PIEPER REX PIEPER Grasslands of
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
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MAE ELSINGER DUANE McCARTNEY Grassl
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JEFF PRINTZ, USDA-NRCS JEFF PRINTZ,
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S.G. REYNOLDS DUANE McCARTNEY Grass
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MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
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266 Figure 7.1 Map of Mongolia . Pl
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268 TABLE 7.1 Land resources of Mon
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270 TABLE 7.3 Projected total popul
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272 Plate 7.5 Wheat was once grown
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274 Grasslands of the world made of
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276 Grasslands of the world four ho
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278 Plate 7.9 Saddle horses on hitc
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280 TABLE 7.5 Haymaking by producer
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282 Plate 7.11 Meadow grazing - Ark
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284 Grasslands of the world croppin
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286 TABLE 7.10 Evolution of stock n
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288 Plate 7.14 Polled yak in autumn
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290 Figure 7.3 Evolution of stock u
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292 Grasslands of the world of this
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296 Grasslands of the world can go
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298 Grasslands of the world arable
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300 Grasslands of the world regulat
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302 Grasslands of the world systems
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304 Grasslands of the world Suttie,
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306 Grasslands of the world Figure
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308 Plate 8.3 Harvested wheat in th
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310 Grasslands of the world Tang. T
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312 TABLE 8.1 Grassland types of th
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314 Plate 8.5 Poa alpina . Plate 8.
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316 Grasslands of the world precipi
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320 Grasslands of the world of the
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322 Plate 8.11 Kokonor camp with th
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324 Plate 8.14 Milk collection. Pla
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326 Grasslands of the world The num
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328 Grasslands of the world part of
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332 Grasslands of the world 340 000
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334 Plate 8.20 Longri summer camp.
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336 Grasslands of the world There i
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338 Grasslands of the world Clarke,
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340 Grasslands of the world Kush-Hi
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342 Grasslands of the world William
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344 Grasslands of the world grazing
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346 Grasslands of the world Growing
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348 Grasslands of the world that co
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350 Grasslands of the world cessati
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352 Grasslands of the world This zo
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354 Figure 9.2 Natural vegetation z
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356 Grasslands of the world or loam
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358 Grasslands of the world after r
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360 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 (a) Queensl
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362 Grasslands of the world Tropica
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364 Grasslands of the world AVAILAB
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368 Grasslands of the world from th
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370 Grasslands of the world grassla
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374 Grasslands of the world FUTURE
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376 Grasslands of the world Hall, T
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378 Grasslands of the world Martin,
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380 Grasslands of the world Wilson,
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382 Figure 10.1 Extent of grassland
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384 Grasslands of the world with su
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386 Grasslands of the world was to
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388 Plate 10.1 Agropyron pectinifor
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390 Plate 10.3 Festuca sulcata Gras
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392 Grasslands of the world The FSU
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394 Grasslands of the world thinkin
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396 TABLE 10.4 Climate data of the
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398 Plate 10.5 Kochia prostrata Pla
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400 Plate 10.7 Forest -steppe with
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402 Grasslands of the world Young f
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404 Plate 10.9 Poa bulbosa. Grassla
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406 Grasslands of the world shade-l
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408 Grasslands of the world Physica
Page 431 and 432: 410 Grasslands of the world Mikheev
Page 433 and 434: 412 Grasslands of the world it was
Page 435 and 436: 414 Grasslands of the world of grou
Page 437 and 438: 416 Grasslands of the world Vil’y
Page 439 and 440: 418 Plate 11.1 Trifolium fragiferum
Page 441 and 442: 420 Plate 11.2 Millet, a major crop
Page 443 and 444: 422 Grasslands of the world Plate 1
Page 445 and 446: 424 Grasslands of the world sudania
Page 447 and 448: 426 Grasslands of the world perenni
Page 449 and 450: 428 Plate 11.8 Park grasslands in N
Page 451 and 452: 430 Grasslands of the world In Para
Page 453 and 454: 432 Plate 11.10b A grassland domina
Page 455 and 456: 434 Grasslands of the world the nor
Page 457 and 458: 436 Grasslands of the world remaini
Page 459 and 460: 438 Plate 11.15 Small ruminants on
Page 461 and 462: 440 Plate 11.19 Qinghai - motorcycl
Page 463 and 464: 442 Plate 11.21 Leymus chinensis .
Page 465 and 466: 444 Plate 11.22 The Himalaya -Hindu
Page 467 and 468: 446 Plate 11.24 Transhumant Kuchi f
Page 469 and 470: 448 Grasslands of the world grazing
Page 471 and 472: 450 Plate 11.27 Delivering fodder t
Page 473 and 474: 452 Plate 11.29 Syrian rangeland ha
Page 475 and 476: 454 Grasslands of the world tains.
Page 477 and 478: 456 Grasslands of the world Turkey
Page 479 and 480: 458 Plate 11.31 Sainfoin (Onobrychi
Page 481: 460 Grasslands of the world Gintzbu
Page 485 and 486: Grassland perspectives 465 as well
Page 487 and 488: ALICE CARLONI ALICE CARLONI Grassla
Page 489 and 490: Grassland perspectives 469 The gras
Page 491 and 492: Grassland perspectives 471 Trees an
Page 493 and 494: Grassland perspectives 473 is lost.
Page 495 and 496: Grassland perspectives 475 breeding
Page 497 and 498: Grassland perspectives 477 traditio
Page 499 and 500: Grassland perspectives 479 the numb
Page 501 and 502: Grassland perspectives 481 to sown
Page 503 and 504: S.G. REYNOLDS SARDI Grassland persp
Page 505 and 506: MAGNUS HALLING SARDI Grassland pers
Page 507 and 508: Grassland perspectives 487 fencing
Page 509 and 510: MARZIO MARZOT Grassland perspective
Page 511 and 512: S.G. REYNOLDS Grassland perspective
Page 513 and 514: Grassland perspectives 493 extremel
Page 515 and 516: Index 495 A Acacia spp. 31, 34, 36,
Page 517 and 518: Index 497 B Baccharis spp. 175, 182
Page 519 and 520: Index 499 Chamaecrista spp. 199, 37
Page 521 and 522: Index 501 ciliatum 199 elegans 199
Page 523 and 524: Index 503 fl echillares 176, 177 fl
Page 525 and 526: Index 505 I Imperata spp. 3, 442, 4
Page 527 and 528: Index 507 sheep 288, 323, 326, 330
Page 529 and 530: Index 509 Poa spp. 133, 134, 135, 1
Page 531 and 532: Index 511 Sheep 14, 15, 38, 39, 84,
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Index 513 Tiller density 204 Touris
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