Grasslands of the World.pdf - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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Grazing management in Mongolia 265 Chapter 7 Grazing management in Mongolia J.M. Suttie SUMMARY Eighty percent of Mongolia is extensive grazing and a further ten percent is forest or forest scrub that is also grazed. Its climate is arid to semi -arid and the frostfree period of most of the steppe is one hundred days; transhumant herding on natural pasture is the only sustainable way of using such land. Cattle , with yak in the higher areas, horses, camels , sheep and goats are raised; local breeds are used. During the past century management has changed from traditional transhumance, to collectives that retained herd mobility from the fifties, to private herding from 1992. While livestock are now privately owned, grazing rights have not yet been allocated; this causes problems for maintenance of pastoral infrastructure and respect of good grazing practice. Stock numbers have risen since privatization and are now above the previous high of 1950; weakness of the traditional export market and increase in the number of herding families are contributing factors. Pasture condition is generally sound, although, recently, localized overgrazing has occurred close to urban centres and main routes. Considerable tracts are undergrazed because of breakdown of water supplies or remoteness from services. Major improvement of grazing management and pastoral production requires enactment of legislation appropriate to the new management system and organization of the herding population. Increased family hay production from natural herbage would improve overwintering survival. Transhumant herding of hardy, local stock, has proved sustainable over centuries and is still thriving. INTRODUCTION Mongolia is one of the few countries that is truly pastoral and its economy depends largely on livestock, with little crop production, forestry or industry. The cold , arid climate is only suitable for extensive grazing and transhumance with local, hardy breeds, which are still used, with few inputs other than the hard work and skill of the herders (Plate 7.1). This ancient grazing system has proved productive and sustainable through the political changes of the past century. The grazing lands are in good condition and the local breeds intact and thriving; this contrasts with the situation in some neighbouring countries that are now facing the consequences of excessive use of exotic breeds and reliance on bought, imported winter feed. Mongolia lies between 42° and 52°N and 88° and almost 120°E. About half the land is above 1 400 m. It is completely landlocked, bordering the Russian
266 Figure 7.1 Map of Mongolia . Plate 7.1 Ger and sheep fold on summer pastures – Arkhangai. Grasslands of the world Federation and China (Figure 7.1) and with well -defined natural boundaries delimiting the Mongolian steppe: the Altai and Gobi Altai mountains to the west and southwest, the Khangai mountains in the central north, the Gobi J.M. SUTTIE
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The views expressed in this publica
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iv Bush encroachment 60 Rehabilitat
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vi Grazing management 139 Sheep man
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viii Grazing lands, pasture and fod
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x Future 374 References 374 Chapter
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xii Herd management 474 Stocking ra
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xiv and environmental factors. Rese
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xvi or copied without her permissio
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xviii Glossary of technical terms a
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xx IUCN The World Conservation Unio
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Figure 1.1 Extent of the world’s
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2 Plate 1.2 Mosaic of cultivated cr
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4 Plate 1.4 Horse herd on grassland
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6 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.8
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8 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.1
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10 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.
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14 Grasslands of the world century.
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The above coverage leaves some obvi
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18 Grasslands of the world Riveros,
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20 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
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26 Plate 2.2 Large non-ruminant her
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34 Grasslands of the world low pala
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36 Grasslands of the world is impor
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38 Grasslands of the world recently
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40 Grasslands of the world degradat
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42 Grasslands of the world leasehol
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44 Grasslands of the world However,
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46 Grasslands of the world technolo
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48 Grasslands of the world subsiste
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50 Grasslands of the world able to
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54 Grasslands of the world tall veg
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56 Grasslands of the world with wil
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58 Grasslands of the world fragment
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62 Grasslands of the world Reseedin
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64 Grasslands of the world last to
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66 Grasslands of the world Bourn, D
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68 Grasslands of the world Ellis, J
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70 Grasslands of the world the Euro
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72 Grasslands of the world Niamir,
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74 Grasslands of the world Schlesin
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76 Grasslands of the world Wilen, C
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78 Grasslands of the world INTRODUC
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80 Figure 3.2 The extent of grassla
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84 Grasslands of the world Figure 3
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86 Grasslands of the world PEOPLE H
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88 Grasslands of the world The gras
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90 Grasslands of the world Here, la
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92 Grasslands of the world crop res
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94 Grasslands of the world Grasslan
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98 Grasslands of the world These gr
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100 Grasslands of the world high fl
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102 Grasslands of the world product
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104 Grasslands of the world Figure
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106 Plate 3.5 Foggage Kikuyu for wi
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108 Grasslands of the world Plate 3
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110 Grasslands of the world zation
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112 Grasslands of the world imagery
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114 Grasslands of the world Kalahar
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116 Grasslands of the world impleme
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118 Grasslands of the world Grossma
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120 Grasslands of the world Trollop
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122 Grasslands of the world farming
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124 ��
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126 Sheep numbers (millions) 20 15
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128 28 6 8 58 Title deed Legal occu
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130 Grasslands of the world into eq
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132 Figure 4.5 Biozones of Patagoni
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134 Grasslands of the world Semi-de
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136 Plate 4.3 A shrub steppe in the
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138 Grasslands of the world 2001).
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140 Grasslands of the world SHEEP M
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142 Grasslands of the world Patagon
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144 Grasslands of the world scarcit
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146 Grasslands of the world (Cavagn
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148 Grasslands of the world the gen
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150 Grasslands of the world In 1989
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152 TABLE 4.4 Complexity levels of
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154 Grasslands of the world could b
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156 Grasslands of the world of nort
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158 Grasslands of the world Bottini
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160 Grasslands of the world Reunió
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162 Grasslands of the world Ecolog
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164 Grasslands of the world Mainwar
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166 Grasslands of the world Oliva,
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168 Grasslands of the world Sain, C
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170 Grasslands of the world austral
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172 Figure 5.1 The Campos region of
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174 Grasslands of the world bezoart
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176 Grasslands of the world On the
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178 Grasslands of the world Product
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180 Grasslands of the world Some sp
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182 Plate 5.1 Landscape in the Sier
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186 Grasslands of the world Salt de
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188 Grasslands of the world TABLE 5
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190 Grasslands of the world soils d
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192 (c) Grassland with Melica macra
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196 Figure 5.3 Forage offer (FO ) a
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198 Grasslands of the world which a
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200 Grasslands of the world Fertili
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202 Grasslands of the world their c
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204 Grasslands of the world Paspalu
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210 Grasslands of the world Researc
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Page 237 and 238: 214 Grasslands of the world Subtrop
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Page 241 and 242: 218 Grasslands of the world para Ba
Page 243 and 244: Grasslands of central North America
Page 245 and 246: REX PIEPER REX PIEPER Grasslands of
Page 249 and 250: S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
Page 251 and 252: MAE ELSINGER DUANE McCARTNEY Grassl
Page 253 and 254: JEFF PRINTZ, USDA-NRCS JEFF PRINTZ,
Page 255 and 256: S.G. REYNOLDS DUANE McCARTNEY Grass
Page 257 and 258: MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central
Page 265 and 266: S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
Page 285: Grasslands of central North America
Page 289 and 290: 268 TABLE 7.1 Land resources of Mon
Page 291 and 292: 270 TABLE 7.3 Projected total popul
Page 293 and 294: 272 Plate 7.5 Wheat was once grown
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Page 299 and 300: 278 Plate 7.9 Saddle horses on hitc
Page 301 and 302: 280 TABLE 7.5 Haymaking by producer
Page 303 and 304: 282 Plate 7.11 Meadow grazing - Ark
Page 305 and 306: 284 Grasslands of the world croppin
Page 307 and 308: 286 TABLE 7.10 Evolution of stock n
Page 309 and 310: 288 Plate 7.14 Polled yak in autumn
Page 311 and 312: 290 Figure 7.3 Evolution of stock u
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Page 315 and 316: 294 Grasslands of the world TABLE 7
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Page 327 and 328: 306 Grasslands of the world Figure
Page 329 and 330: 308 Plate 8.3 Harvested wheat in th
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Page 333 and 334: 312 TABLE 8.1 Grassland types of th
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316 Grasslands of the world precipi
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320 Grasslands of the world of the
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322 Plate 8.11 Kokonor camp with th
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324 Plate 8.14 Milk collection. Pla
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326 Grasslands of the world The num
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328 Grasslands of the world part of
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332 Grasslands of the world 340 000
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334 Plate 8.20 Longri summer camp.
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336 Grasslands of the world There i
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338 Grasslands of the world Clarke,
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340 Grasslands of the world Kush-Hi
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342 Grasslands of the world William
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344 Grasslands of the world grazing
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346 Grasslands of the world Growing
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348 Grasslands of the world that co
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350 Grasslands of the world cessati
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352 Grasslands of the world This zo
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354 Figure 9.2 Natural vegetation z
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356 Grasslands of the world or loam
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358 Grasslands of the world after r
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360 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 (a) Queensl
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362 Grasslands of the world Tropica
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364 Grasslands of the world AVAILAB
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368 Grasslands of the world from th
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370 Grasslands of the world grassla
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374 Grasslands of the world FUTURE
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376 Grasslands of the world Hall, T
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378 Grasslands of the world Martin,
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380 Grasslands of the world Wilson,
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382 Figure 10.1 Extent of grassland
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384 Grasslands of the world with su
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386 Grasslands of the world was to
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388 Plate 10.1 Agropyron pectinifor
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390 Plate 10.3 Festuca sulcata Gras
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392 Grasslands of the world The FSU
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394 Grasslands of the world thinkin
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396 TABLE 10.4 Climate data of the
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398 Plate 10.5 Kochia prostrata Pla
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400 Plate 10.7 Forest -steppe with
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402 Grasslands of the world Young f
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404 Plate 10.9 Poa bulbosa. Grassla
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406 Grasslands of the world shade-l
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408 Grasslands of the world Physica
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410 Grasslands of the world Mikheev
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412 Grasslands of the world it was
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414 Grasslands of the world of grou
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416 Grasslands of the world Vil’y
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418 Plate 11.1 Trifolium fragiferum
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420 Plate 11.2 Millet, a major crop
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424 Grasslands of the world sudania
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426 Grasslands of the world perenni
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428 Plate 11.8 Park grasslands in N
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430 Grasslands of the world In Para
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432 Plate 11.10b A grassland domina
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434 Grasslands of the world the nor
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436 Grasslands of the world remaini
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438 Plate 11.15 Small ruminants on
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440 Plate 11.19 Qinghai - motorcycl
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442 Plate 11.21 Leymus chinensis .
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444 Plate 11.22 The Himalaya -Hindu
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446 Plate 11.24 Transhumant Kuchi f
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448 Grasslands of the world grazing
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450 Plate 11.27 Delivering fodder t
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452 Plate 11.29 Syrian rangeland ha
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454 Grasslands of the world tains.
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456 Grasslands of the world Turkey
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458 Plate 11.31 Sainfoin (Onobrychi
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460 Grasslands of the world Gintzbu
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Grassland perspectives 463 Chapter
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Grassland perspectives 465 as well
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ALICE CARLONI ALICE CARLONI Grassla
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Grassland perspectives 469 The gras
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Grassland perspectives 471 Trees an
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Grassland perspectives 473 is lost.
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Grassland perspectives 475 breeding
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Grassland perspectives 477 traditio
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Grassland perspectives 479 the numb
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Grassland perspectives 481 to sown
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S.G. REYNOLDS SARDI Grassland persp
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MAGNUS HALLING SARDI Grassland pers
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Grassland perspectives 487 fencing
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MARZIO MARZOT Grassland perspective
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grassland perspective
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Grassland perspectives 493 extremel
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Index 495 A Acacia spp. 31, 34, 36,
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Index 497 B Baccharis spp. 175, 182
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Index 499 Chamaecrista spp. 199, 37
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Index 501 ciliatum 199 elegans 199
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Index 503 fl echillares 176, 177 fl
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Index 505 I Imperata spp. 3, 442, 4
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Index 507 sheep 288, 323, 326, 330
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Index 509 Poa spp. 133, 134, 135, 1
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Index 511 Sheep 14, 15, 38, 39, 84,
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Index 513 Tiller density 204 Touris
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