Grasslands of the World.pdf - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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The changing face of pastoral systems in grass-dominated ecosystems of eastern Africa 31 areas of pure grassland (23 percent converted), semi -deserts (3 percent) and deserts (1 percent). These land use choices have pushed pastoral use from the wetter to the drier areas in eastern Africa over time. PLANT COMMUNITIES IN GRASSLANDS AND RANGELANDS The grasslands of eastern Africa are very diverse, with a range of dominant species dependent on rainfall , soil type and management or grazing system . Eastern Africa is renowned as a centre of genetic diversity of tropical grasses and the centre of greatest diversity of cultivated grass species (Boonman, 1993). Over 90 percent of the major cultivated forage grasses have their centre of origin in sub-Saharan Africa and are indigenous to the extensive grasslands of eastern Africa. There are an estimated 1 000 species of grass indigenous to the region, with more than 600 species found in Kenya alone (Boonman, 1993). The wide distribution and adaptability of many of these species across a range of environments and management systems indicates the presence of considerable genetic diversity within the region. This diversity has been exploited to select superior ecotypes for use in many other parts of the world. Brachiaria species, originating from eastern Africa, are the most widely planted forage grass, with estimates of areas under Brachiaria pastures in Brazil ranging from 30 to 70 million hectares in 1996 (Fisher and Kerridge, 1996). To aid description and study of the rangeland, many attempts have been made to classify the vegetation into types that cover large areas of the region. Rattray (1960) identified 12 types of grassland in eastern Africa , based on the genera of the dominant grass in the grassland. These include Aristida , Chloris , Cenchrus , Chrysopogon , Exotheca , Hyparrhenia , Heteropogon , Loudetia , Pennisetum , Panicum , Setaria and Themeda . Pratt and Gwynne (1977) described six ecoclimatic zones based on climate, vegetation and land use. These are described as the afro-alpine area of upland grasslands; the equatorial humid to dry subhumid area of forests and bushlands (Plates 2.4 and 2.5); the dry subhumid to semi -arid area of savannah, shrub and woodland; the semi-arid areas of dry woodland and savannah (such as the Acacia -Themeda association); the arid area of Commiphora , Acacia, Cenchrus ciliaris and Chloris roxburghiana ; and the very arid area of dwarf shrub grassland of Chrysopogon. A more recent classification , based primarily on the dominant grass, is described as vegetation type or region by Herlocker (1999). He described eleven vegetation regions in eastern Africa as Pennisetum mid-grass ; Pennisetum giant grass; Panicum- Hyparrhenia tall-grass ; Hyparrhenia tall-grass; Hyparrhenia-Hyperthelia tallgrass; Themeda mid-grass; Chrysopogon mid-grass; Leptothrium mid-grass; Cenchrus-Schoenefeldia annual mid-grass; Panicum-annual; Aristida mid- and short-grass region; and Aristida short-grass region. Themeda triandra (Plate 2.6) is one of the most widespread grass species in sub-Saharan Africa but it is only the dominant grassland type in central and northern Tanzania . The species is very variable and shows wide adaptation to
32 Grasslands of the world Plate 2.4 Acacia bushlands cover much of the rich volcanic soils of eastern Africa. Plate 2.5 Farmers use many of the trees in bushlands and woodlands to manufacture charcoal for market. R.S. REID R.S. REID
Page 3 and 4: The views expressed in this publica
Page 5 and 6: iv Bush encroachment 60 Rehabilitat
Page 7 and 8: vi Grazing management 139 Sheep man
Page 9 and 10: viii Grazing lands, pasture and fod
Page 11 and 12: x Future 374 References 374 Chapter
Page 13 and 14: xii Herd management 474 Stocking ra
Page 15 and 16: xiv and environmental factors. Rese
Page 17 and 18: xvi or copied without her permissio
Page 19 and 20: xviii Glossary of technical terms a
Page 21 and 22: xx IUCN The World Conservation Unio
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.1 Extent of the world’s
Page 25 and 26: 2 Plate 1.2 Mosaic of cultivated cr
Page 27 and 28: 4 Plate 1.4 Horse herd on grassland
Page 29 and 30: 6 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.8
Page 31 and 32: 8 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.1
Page 33 and 34: 10 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.
Page 37 and 38: 14 Grasslands of the world century.
Page 39 and 40: The above coverage leaves some obvi
Page 41 and 42: 18 Grasslands of the world Riveros,
Page 43 and 44: 20 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
Page 49 and 50: 26 Plate 2.2 Large non-ruminant her
Page 53: 30 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
Page 57 and 58: 34 Grasslands of the world low pala
Page 59 and 60: 36 Grasslands of the world is impor
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Page 63 and 64: 40 Grasslands of the world degradat
Page 65 and 66: 42 Grasslands of the world leasehol
Page 67 and 68: 44 Grasslands of the world However,
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Page 71 and 72: 48 Grasslands of the world subsiste
Page 73 and 74: 50 Grasslands of the world able to
Page 77 and 78: 54 Grasslands of the world tall veg
Page 79 and 80: 56 Grasslands of the world with wil
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Page 85 and 86: 62 Grasslands of the world Reseedin
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Page 89 and 90: 66 Grasslands of the world Bourn, D
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Page 97 and 98: 74 Grasslands of the world Schlesin
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Page 101 and 102: 78 Grasslands of the world INTRODUC
Page 103 and 104: 80 Figure 3.2 The extent of grassla
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82 Grasslands of the world Plate 3.
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84 Grasslands of the world Figure 3
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86 Grasslands of the world PEOPLE H
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88 Grasslands of the world The gras
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90 Grasslands of the world Here, la
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92 Grasslands of the world crop res
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94 Grasslands of the world Grasslan
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96 Grasslands of the world Plate 3.
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98 Grasslands of the world These gr
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100 Grasslands of the world high fl
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102 Grasslands of the world product
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104 Grasslands of the world Figure
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106 Plate 3.5 Foggage Kikuyu for wi
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108 Grasslands of the world Plate 3
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110 Grasslands of the world zation
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112 Grasslands of the world imagery
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114 Grasslands of the world Kalahar
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116 Grasslands of the world impleme
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118 Grasslands of the world Grossma
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120 Grasslands of the world Trollop
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122 Grasslands of the world farming
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124 ��
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126 Sheep numbers (millions) 20 15
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128 28 6 8 58 Title deed Legal occu
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130 Grasslands of the world into eq
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132 Figure 4.5 Biozones of Patagoni
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134 Grasslands of the world Semi-de
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136 Plate 4.3 A shrub steppe in the
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138 Grasslands of the world 2001).
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140 Grasslands of the world SHEEP M
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142 Grasslands of the world Patagon
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144 Grasslands of the world scarcit
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146 Grasslands of the world (Cavagn
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148 Grasslands of the world the gen
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150 Grasslands of the world In 1989
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152 TABLE 4.4 Complexity levels of
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154 Grasslands of the world could b
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156 Grasslands of the world of nort
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158 Grasslands of the world Bottini
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160 Grasslands of the world Reunió
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162 Grasslands of the world Ecolog
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164 Grasslands of the world Mainwar
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166 Grasslands of the world Oliva,
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168 Grasslands of the world Sain, C
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170 Grasslands of the world austral
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172 Figure 5.1 The Campos region of
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174 Grasslands of the world bezoart
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176 Grasslands of the world On the
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178 Grasslands of the world Product
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180 Grasslands of the world Some sp
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182 Plate 5.1 Landscape in the Sier
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186 Grasslands of the world Salt de
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188 Grasslands of the world TABLE 5
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190 Grasslands of the world soils d
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192 (c) Grassland with Melica macra
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196 Figure 5.3 Forage offer (FO ) a
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198 Grasslands of the world which a
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200 Grasslands of the world Fertili
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202 Grasslands of the world their c
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204 Grasslands of the world Paspalu
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210 Grasslands of the world Researc
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212 Grasslands of the world It is n
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214 Grasslands of the world Subtrop
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216 Grasslands of the world (Argent
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218 Grasslands of the world para Ba
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Grasslands of central North America
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REX PIEPER REX PIEPER Grasslands of
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
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MAE ELSINGER DUANE McCARTNEY Grassl
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JEFF PRINTZ, USDA-NRCS JEFF PRINTZ,
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S.G. REYNOLDS DUANE McCARTNEY Grass
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MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
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266 Figure 7.1 Map of Mongolia . Pl
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268 TABLE 7.1 Land resources of Mon
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270 TABLE 7.3 Projected total popul
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272 Plate 7.5 Wheat was once grown
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274 Grasslands of the world made of
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276 Grasslands of the world four ho
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278 Plate 7.9 Saddle horses on hitc
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280 TABLE 7.5 Haymaking by producer
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282 Plate 7.11 Meadow grazing - Ark
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284 Grasslands of the world croppin
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286 TABLE 7.10 Evolution of stock n
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288 Plate 7.14 Polled yak in autumn
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290 Figure 7.3 Evolution of stock u
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292 Grasslands of the world of this
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296 Grasslands of the world can go
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298 Grasslands of the world arable
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300 Grasslands of the world regulat
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302 Grasslands of the world systems
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304 Grasslands of the world Suttie,
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306 Grasslands of the world Figure
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308 Plate 8.3 Harvested wheat in th
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310 Grasslands of the world Tang. T
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312 TABLE 8.1 Grassland types of th
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314 Plate 8.5 Poa alpina . Plate 8.
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316 Grasslands of the world precipi
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320 Grasslands of the world of the
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322 Plate 8.11 Kokonor camp with th
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324 Plate 8.14 Milk collection. Pla
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326 Grasslands of the world The num
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328 Grasslands of the world part of
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332 Grasslands of the world 340 000
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334 Plate 8.20 Longri summer camp.
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336 Grasslands of the world There i
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338 Grasslands of the world Clarke,
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340 Grasslands of the world Kush-Hi
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342 Grasslands of the world William
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344 Grasslands of the world grazing
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346 Grasslands of the world Growing
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348 Grasslands of the world that co
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350 Grasslands of the world cessati
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352 Grasslands of the world This zo
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354 Figure 9.2 Natural vegetation z
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356 Grasslands of the world or loam
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358 Grasslands of the world after r
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360 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 (a) Queensl
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362 Grasslands of the world Tropica
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364 Grasslands of the world AVAILAB
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368 Grasslands of the world from th
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370 Grasslands of the world grassla
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374 Grasslands of the world FUTURE
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376 Grasslands of the world Hall, T
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378 Grasslands of the world Martin,
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380 Grasslands of the world Wilson,
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382 Figure 10.1 Extent of grassland
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384 Grasslands of the world with su
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386 Grasslands of the world was to
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388 Plate 10.1 Agropyron pectinifor
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390 Plate 10.3 Festuca sulcata Gras
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392 Grasslands of the world The FSU
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394 Grasslands of the world thinkin
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396 TABLE 10.4 Climate data of the
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398 Plate 10.5 Kochia prostrata Pla
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400 Plate 10.7 Forest -steppe with
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402 Grasslands of the world Young f
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404 Plate 10.9 Poa bulbosa. Grassla
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406 Grasslands of the world shade-l
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408 Grasslands of the world Physica
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410 Grasslands of the world Mikheev
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412 Grasslands of the world it was
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414 Grasslands of the world of grou
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416 Grasslands of the world Vil’y
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418 Plate 11.1 Trifolium fragiferum
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420 Plate 11.2 Millet, a major crop
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424 Grasslands of the world sudania
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426 Grasslands of the world perenni
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428 Plate 11.8 Park grasslands in N
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430 Grasslands of the world In Para
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432 Plate 11.10b A grassland domina
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434 Grasslands of the world the nor
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436 Grasslands of the world remaini
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438 Plate 11.15 Small ruminants on
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440 Plate 11.19 Qinghai - motorcycl
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442 Plate 11.21 Leymus chinensis .
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444 Plate 11.22 The Himalaya -Hindu
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446 Plate 11.24 Transhumant Kuchi f
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448 Grasslands of the world grazing
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450 Plate 11.27 Delivering fodder t
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452 Plate 11.29 Syrian rangeland ha
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454 Grasslands of the world tains.
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456 Grasslands of the world Turkey
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458 Plate 11.31 Sainfoin (Onobrychi
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460 Grasslands of the world Gintzbu
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Grassland perspectives 463 Chapter
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Grassland perspectives 465 as well
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ALICE CARLONI ALICE CARLONI Grassla
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Grassland perspectives 469 The gras
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Grassland perspectives 471 Trees an
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Grassland perspectives 473 is lost.
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Grassland perspectives 475 breeding
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Grassland perspectives 477 traditio
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Grassland perspectives 479 the numb
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Grassland perspectives 481 to sown
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S.G. REYNOLDS SARDI Grassland persp
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MAGNUS HALLING SARDI Grassland pers
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Grassland perspectives 487 fencing
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MARZIO MARZOT Grassland perspective
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grassland perspective
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Grassland perspectives 493 extremel
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Index 495 A Acacia spp. 31, 34, 36,
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Index 497 B Baccharis spp. 175, 182
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Index 499 Chamaecrista spp. 199, 37
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Index 501 ciliatum 199 elegans 199
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Index 503 fl echillares 176, 177 fl
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Index 505 I Imperata spp. 3, 442, 4
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Index 507 sheep 288, 323, 326, 330
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Index 509 Poa spp. 133, 134, 135, 1
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Index 511 Sheep 14, 15, 38, 39, 84,
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Index 513 Tiller density 204 Touris
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