Grasslands of the World.pdf - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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The changing face of pastoral systems in grass-dominated ecosystems of eastern Africa 29 northeastern Somalia . There are also few cattle in wet, southern Sudan (the Sudd) and northern Uganda, and in the subhumid, miombo woodland regions of southern Tanzania . Most of the cattle are in non-pastoral areas across the region: 70 percent are in cropland and urban areas, while 30 percent are in pastoral lands. These proportions vary strongly from country to country, partly because of differences in amounts of high-potential land. For example, about 35 percent of Kenya is high potential and 80 percent of the nation’s cattle herd resides there. In contrast, there is very little high-potential land in Somalia and Djibouti and thus all the cattle live in drylands in those countries. A previous global analysis of pastoral systems (from Reid et al., 2003) has been used to estimate the extent of grass -dominated pastoral systems in eastern Africa . This pastoral systems map (Figure 2.7) was created using four Geographical Information System (GIS ) data layers: land cover (USGS/EDC, 1999; Loveland et al., 2000), length of growing period (Fischer, Velthuizen and Nachtergaele, 2000), rainfall (IWMI, 2001; Jones and Thornton, 2003) and human population density for Africa (Deichmann, 1996). Initially, land cover, length of growing period and human population maps were used to establish the location of all cultivatable land (>60 growing days), all land cover currently under crops in the USGS coverage (dryland cropland and pasture ; irrigated cropland and pasture; mixed dryland and irrigated cropland and pasture; cropland and grassland mosaic; and cropland and woodland mosaic) and any other areas with sufficient human population (>20 people/ km 2 ) to exclude extensive rangeland use (for details, see Reid et al., 2000a; Thornton et al., 2002). This classification thus joined all but the most extensive agropastoral systems with cropland, and maps about 9 percent more cropland than is in the USGS database. “Urban” included all areas with more than 450 people/km 2 . The remaining areas (not cultivatable, low human population density) were discriminated into pastoral system classes by mean annual rainfall as follows: areas receiving less than 50 mm of rainfall were classified as hyperarid ; areas with 51–300 mm were arid; and areas with 301–600 mm were semi - arid . Highland areas were those with temperatures of more than 5°C but less than 20°C during the growing season, or less than 20°C for one month a year. Most of eastern Africa ’s pastoral systems are semi -arid (34 percent), with much smaller areas of arid (12 percent), hyper-arid (8 percent), humid to subhumid (9 percent), and temperate and highland (1 percent) pastoral systems (Figure 2.7). Cropland and urban areas cover 27 percent of the region. Only Sudan has the driest (hyper-arid) pastoral systems, while eastern Eritrea , northern Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia and northern Kenya support extensive arid pastoral systems. The most common land cover type in Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan is semi-arid rangeland. Tanzania , Uganda and Sudan have the most extensive wet pastoral systems. By comparing potential vegetation (Figure 2.3) and pastoral and cropland systems (Figure 2.7), we can see what types of vegetation farmers have pre-
30 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Central African Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Angola Zambia Egypt Mozambique Grasslands of the world Figure 2.7 Pastoral system areas and cropland and urban areas of eastern Africa in 2001, based on Thornton et al. (2002) and Reid et al. (2003). ferred to use for cropland. On average, 27 percent of the region is cropped, but this is disproportionately found in afro montane vegetation (74 percent converted to cropland), forest (62 percent converted), woodland (34 percent converted) and bushland (31 percent converted). Farmers have ploughed lesser Key Hyper-arid pastoral Arid pastoral Semi-arid pastoral Humid/subhumid pastoral Temperate/highland pastoral Cropland or urban Other (mostly forests) Lakes Bounding countries International boundaries Rivers Capital cities
Page 3 and 4: The views expressed in this publica
Page 5 and 6: iv Bush encroachment 60 Rehabilitat
Page 7 and 8: vi Grazing management 139 Sheep man
Page 9 and 10: viii Grazing lands, pasture and fod
Page 11 and 12: x Future 374 References 374 Chapter
Page 13 and 14: xii Herd management 474 Stocking ra
Page 15 and 16: xiv and environmental factors. Rese
Page 17 and 18: xvi or copied without her permissio
Page 19 and 20: xviii Glossary of technical terms a
Page 21 and 22: xx IUCN The World Conservation Unio
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.1 Extent of the world’s
Page 25 and 26: 2 Plate 1.2 Mosaic of cultivated cr
Page 27 and 28: 4 Plate 1.4 Horse herd on grassland
Page 29 and 30: 6 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.8
Page 31 and 32: 8 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.1
Page 33 and 34: 10 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.
Page 37 and 38: 14 Grasslands of the world century.
Page 39 and 40: The above coverage leaves some obvi
Page 41 and 42: 18 Grasslands of the world Riveros,
Page 43 and 44: 20 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
Page 49 and 50: 26 Plate 2.2 Large non-ruminant her
Page 51: 28 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
Page 57 and 58: 34 Grasslands of the world low pala
Page 59 and 60: 36 Grasslands of the world is impor
Page 61 and 62: 38 Grasslands of the world recently
Page 63 and 64: 40 Grasslands of the world degradat
Page 65 and 66: 42 Grasslands of the world leasehol
Page 67 and 68: 44 Grasslands of the world However,
Page 69 and 70: 46 Grasslands of the world technolo
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Page 73 and 74: 50 Grasslands of the world able to
Page 77 and 78: 54 Grasslands of the world tall veg
Page 79 and 80: 56 Grasslands of the world with wil
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Page 85 and 86: 62 Grasslands of the world Reseedin
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Page 89 and 90: 66 Grasslands of the world Bourn, D
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Page 97 and 98: 74 Grasslands of the world Schlesin
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Page 101 and 102: 78 Grasslands of the world INTRODUC
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80 Figure 3.2 The extent of grassla
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82 Grasslands of the world Plate 3.
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84 Grasslands of the world Figure 3
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86 Grasslands of the world PEOPLE H
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88 Grasslands of the world The gras
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90 Grasslands of the world Here, la
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92 Grasslands of the world crop res
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94 Grasslands of the world Grasslan
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96 Grasslands of the world Plate 3.
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98 Grasslands of the world These gr
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100 Grasslands of the world high fl
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102 Grasslands of the world product
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104 Grasslands of the world Figure
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106 Plate 3.5 Foggage Kikuyu for wi
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108 Grasslands of the world Plate 3
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110 Grasslands of the world zation
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112 Grasslands of the world imagery
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114 Grasslands of the world Kalahar
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116 Grasslands of the world impleme
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118 Grasslands of the world Grossma
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120 Grasslands of the world Trollop
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122 Grasslands of the world farming
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124 ��
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126 Sheep numbers (millions) 20 15
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128 28 6 8 58 Title deed Legal occu
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130 Grasslands of the world into eq
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132 Figure 4.5 Biozones of Patagoni
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134 Grasslands of the world Semi-de
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136 Plate 4.3 A shrub steppe in the
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138 Grasslands of the world 2001).
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140 Grasslands of the world SHEEP M
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142 Grasslands of the world Patagon
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144 Grasslands of the world scarcit
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146 Grasslands of the world (Cavagn
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148 Grasslands of the world the gen
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150 Grasslands of the world In 1989
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152 TABLE 4.4 Complexity levels of
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154 Grasslands of the world could b
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156 Grasslands of the world of nort
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158 Grasslands of the world Bottini
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160 Grasslands of the world Reunió
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162 Grasslands of the world Ecolog
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164 Grasslands of the world Mainwar
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166 Grasslands of the world Oliva,
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168 Grasslands of the world Sain, C
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170 Grasslands of the world austral
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172 Figure 5.1 The Campos region of
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174 Grasslands of the world bezoart
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176 Grasslands of the world On the
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178 Grasslands of the world Product
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180 Grasslands of the world Some sp
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182 Plate 5.1 Landscape in the Sier
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186 Grasslands of the world Salt de
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188 Grasslands of the world TABLE 5
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190 Grasslands of the world soils d
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192 (c) Grassland with Melica macra
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196 Figure 5.3 Forage offer (FO ) a
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198 Grasslands of the world which a
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200 Grasslands of the world Fertili
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202 Grasslands of the world their c
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204 Grasslands of the world Paspalu
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210 Grasslands of the world Researc
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212 Grasslands of the world It is n
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214 Grasslands of the world Subtrop
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216 Grasslands of the world (Argent
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218 Grasslands of the world para Ba
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Grasslands of central North America
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REX PIEPER REX PIEPER Grasslands of
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
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MAE ELSINGER DUANE McCARTNEY Grassl
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JEFF PRINTZ, USDA-NRCS JEFF PRINTZ,
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S.G. REYNOLDS DUANE McCARTNEY Grass
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MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
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266 Figure 7.1 Map of Mongolia . Pl
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268 TABLE 7.1 Land resources of Mon
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270 TABLE 7.3 Projected total popul
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272 Plate 7.5 Wheat was once grown
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274 Grasslands of the world made of
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276 Grasslands of the world four ho
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278 Plate 7.9 Saddle horses on hitc
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280 TABLE 7.5 Haymaking by producer
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282 Plate 7.11 Meadow grazing - Ark
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284 Grasslands of the world croppin
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286 TABLE 7.10 Evolution of stock n
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288 Plate 7.14 Polled yak in autumn
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290 Figure 7.3 Evolution of stock u
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292 Grasslands of the world of this
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296 Grasslands of the world can go
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298 Grasslands of the world arable
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300 Grasslands of the world regulat
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302 Grasslands of the world systems
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304 Grasslands of the world Suttie,
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306 Grasslands of the world Figure
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308 Plate 8.3 Harvested wheat in th
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310 Grasslands of the world Tang. T
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312 TABLE 8.1 Grassland types of th
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314 Plate 8.5 Poa alpina . Plate 8.
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316 Grasslands of the world precipi
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320 Grasslands of the world of the
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322 Plate 8.11 Kokonor camp with th
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324 Plate 8.14 Milk collection. Pla
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326 Grasslands of the world The num
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328 Grasslands of the world part of
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332 Grasslands of the world 340 000
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334 Plate 8.20 Longri summer camp.
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336 Grasslands of the world There i
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338 Grasslands of the world Clarke,
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340 Grasslands of the world Kush-Hi
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342 Grasslands of the world William
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344 Grasslands of the world grazing
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346 Grasslands of the world Growing
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348 Grasslands of the world that co
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350 Grasslands of the world cessati
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352 Grasslands of the world This zo
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354 Figure 9.2 Natural vegetation z
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356 Grasslands of the world or loam
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358 Grasslands of the world after r
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360 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 (a) Queensl
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362 Grasslands of the world Tropica
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364 Grasslands of the world AVAILAB
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368 Grasslands of the world from th
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370 Grasslands of the world grassla
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374 Grasslands of the world FUTURE
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376 Grasslands of the world Hall, T
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378 Grasslands of the world Martin,
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380 Grasslands of the world Wilson,
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382 Figure 10.1 Extent of grassland
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384 Grasslands of the world with su
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386 Grasslands of the world was to
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388 Plate 10.1 Agropyron pectinifor
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390 Plate 10.3 Festuca sulcata Gras
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392 Grasslands of the world The FSU
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394 Grasslands of the world thinkin
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396 TABLE 10.4 Climate data of the
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398 Plate 10.5 Kochia prostrata Pla
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400 Plate 10.7 Forest -steppe with
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402 Grasslands of the world Young f
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404 Plate 10.9 Poa bulbosa. Grassla
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406 Grasslands of the world shade-l
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408 Grasslands of the world Physica
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410 Grasslands of the world Mikheev
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412 Grasslands of the world it was
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414 Grasslands of the world of grou
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416 Grasslands of the world Vil’y
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418 Plate 11.1 Trifolium fragiferum
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420 Plate 11.2 Millet, a major crop
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424 Grasslands of the world sudania
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426 Grasslands of the world perenni
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428 Plate 11.8 Park grasslands in N
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430 Grasslands of the world In Para
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432 Plate 11.10b A grassland domina
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434 Grasslands of the world the nor
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436 Grasslands of the world remaini
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438 Plate 11.15 Small ruminants on
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440 Plate 11.19 Qinghai - motorcycl
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442 Plate 11.21 Leymus chinensis .
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444 Plate 11.22 The Himalaya -Hindu
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446 Plate 11.24 Transhumant Kuchi f
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448 Grasslands of the world grazing
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450 Plate 11.27 Delivering fodder t
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452 Plate 11.29 Syrian rangeland ha
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454 Grasslands of the world tains.
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456 Grasslands of the world Turkey
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458 Plate 11.31 Sainfoin (Onobrychi
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460 Grasslands of the world Gintzbu
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Grassland perspectives 463 Chapter
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Grassland perspectives 465 as well
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ALICE CARLONI ALICE CARLONI Grassla
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Grassland perspectives 469 The gras
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Grassland perspectives 471 Trees an
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Grassland perspectives 473 is lost.
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Grassland perspectives 475 breeding
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Grassland perspectives 477 traditio
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Grassland perspectives 479 the numb
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Grassland perspectives 481 to sown
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S.G. REYNOLDS SARDI Grassland persp
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MAGNUS HALLING SARDI Grassland pers
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Grassland perspectives 487 fencing
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MARZIO MARZOT Grassland perspective
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grassland perspective
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Grassland perspectives 493 extremel
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Index 495 A Acacia spp. 31, 34, 36,
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Index 497 B Baccharis spp. 175, 182
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Index 499 Chamaecrista spp. 199, 37
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Index 501 ciliatum 199 elegans 199
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Index 503 fl echillares 176, 177 fl
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Index 505 I Imperata spp. 3, 442, 4
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Index 507 sheep 288, 323, 326, 330
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Index 509 Poa spp. 133, 134, 135, 1
Page 531 and 532:
Index 511 Sheep 14, 15, 38, 39, 84,
Page 533 and 534:
Index 513 Tiller density 204 Touris
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