Grasslands of the World.pdf - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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238 Grasslands of the world Plate 6.15 Mixed-grass zone: roped steer on the Tecumseh Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Area, Saskatchewan, Canada. Plate 6.16 Mixed-grass zone: cattle on the Caledonia Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Area, Saskatchewan, Canada. condition. Holechek, Pieper and Herbel (2001) reviewed several grazing studies in the Great Plains, and recommended 35–40 percent removal (utilization) of current annual production to maintain vigorous plants and grassland ranges in a highly productive condition. Bement (1969) recommended leaving 300– MAE ELSINGER MAE ELSINGER
MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central North America 239 Plate 6.17 Winter grazing on the Canadian prairie. 350 kg/ha at the end of the summer grazing period to support both livestock performance and desirable vegetation condition for short-grass rangeland in eastern Colorado. Most livestock operations in the Great Plains are relatively small. Over 85 percent of the farms and ranches in the Great Plains (including North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming, Kansas and Oklahoma) had less than 100 head of cattle , and only 5 percent had more than 500 head (Mitchell, 2000). Over 46 percent had less than 50 head. These were probably small operations where cattle were produced in conjunction with cropping operations. There were over 180 000 individual units in these seven states in 1993. Numerically, cattle are much more important than sheep in the Central Plains grasslands (Mitchell, 2000). Total cattle numbers for most of the states making up the Great Plains was about 25 million head, compared with about 5 million sheep (Ensminger and Parker, 1986; Mitchell, 2000). Sheep numbers have declined during the last 50 years because of predator problems, economic conditions, lack of herders in some western states, lack of demand for mutton and lamb, and other factors. These data on livestock numbers do not distinguish among different types of operations. The northern and southern Great Plains (including Texas) support about half of the total beef cattle in the USA (Holechek, Pieper and Herbel, 2001), while the rest of the West supports less that 10 percent of the total. There was no distinction between those in feedlots and those on farms and ranches , but these numbers illustrate the importance of the Great Plains as a livestock-producing area.
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The views expressed in this publica
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iv Bush encroachment 60 Rehabilitat
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vi Grazing management 139 Sheep man
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viii Grazing lands, pasture and fod
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x Future 374 References 374 Chapter
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xii Herd management 474 Stocking ra
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xiv and environmental factors. Rese
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xvi or copied without her permissio
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xviii Glossary of technical terms a
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xx IUCN The World Conservation Unio
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Figure 1.1 Extent of the world’s
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2 Plate 1.2 Mosaic of cultivated cr
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4 Plate 1.4 Horse herd on grassland
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6 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.8
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8 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.1
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10 Grasslands of the world Plate 1.
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14 Grasslands of the world century.
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The above coverage leaves some obvi
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18 Grasslands of the world Riveros,
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20 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Chad Cent
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26 Plate 2.2 Large non-ruminant her
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34 Grasslands of the world low pala
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36 Grasslands of the world is impor
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38 Grasslands of the world recently
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40 Grasslands of the world degradat
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42 Grasslands of the world leasehol
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44 Grasslands of the world However,
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46 Grasslands of the world technolo
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48 Grasslands of the world subsiste
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50 Grasslands of the world able to
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54 Grasslands of the world tall veg
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56 Grasslands of the world with wil
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58 Grasslands of the world fragment
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62 Grasslands of the world Reseedin
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64 Grasslands of the world last to
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66 Grasslands of the world Bourn, D
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68 Grasslands of the world Ellis, J
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70 Grasslands of the world the Euro
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72 Grasslands of the world Niamir,
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74 Grasslands of the world Schlesin
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76 Grasslands of the world Wilen, C
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78 Grasslands of the world INTRODUC
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80 Figure 3.2 The extent of grassla
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84 Grasslands of the world Figure 3
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86 Grasslands of the world PEOPLE H
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88 Grasslands of the world The gras
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90 Grasslands of the world Here, la
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92 Grasslands of the world crop res
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94 Grasslands of the world Grasslan
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98 Grasslands of the world These gr
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100 Grasslands of the world high fl
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102 Grasslands of the world product
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104 Grasslands of the world Figure
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106 Plate 3.5 Foggage Kikuyu for wi
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108 Grasslands of the world Plate 3
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110 Grasslands of the world zation
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112 Grasslands of the world imagery
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114 Grasslands of the world Kalahar
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116 Grasslands of the world impleme
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118 Grasslands of the world Grossma
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120 Grasslands of the world Trollop
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122 Grasslands of the world farming
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124 ��
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126 Sheep numbers (millions) 20 15
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128 28 6 8 58 Title deed Legal occu
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130 Grasslands of the world into eq
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132 Figure 4.5 Biozones of Patagoni
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134 Grasslands of the world Semi-de
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136 Plate 4.3 A shrub steppe in the
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138 Grasslands of the world 2001).
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140 Grasslands of the world SHEEP M
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142 Grasslands of the world Patagon
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144 Grasslands of the world scarcit
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146 Grasslands of the world (Cavagn
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148 Grasslands of the world the gen
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150 Grasslands of the world In 1989
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152 TABLE 4.4 Complexity levels of
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154 Grasslands of the world could b
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156 Grasslands of the world of nort
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158 Grasslands of the world Bottini
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160 Grasslands of the world Reunió
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162 Grasslands of the world Ecolog
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164 Grasslands of the world Mainwar
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166 Grasslands of the world Oliva,
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168 Grasslands of the world Sain, C
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170 Grasslands of the world austral
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172 Figure 5.1 The Campos region of
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174 Grasslands of the world bezoart
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176 Grasslands of the world On the
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178 Grasslands of the world Product
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180 Grasslands of the world Some sp
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182 Plate 5.1 Landscape in the Sier
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Page 209 and 210: 186 Grasslands of the world Salt de
Page 211 and 212: 188 Grasslands of the world TABLE 5
Page 213 and 214: 190 Grasslands of the world soils d
Page 215 and 216: 192 (c) Grassland with Melica macra
Page 219 and 220: 196 Figure 5.3 Forage offer (FO ) a
Page 221 and 222: 198 Grasslands of the world which a
Page 223 and 224: 200 Grasslands of the world Fertili
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Page 227 and 228: 204 Grasslands of the world Paspalu
Page 233 and 234: 210 Grasslands of the world Researc
Page 235 and 236: 212 Grasslands of the world It is n
Page 237 and 238: 214 Grasslands of the world Subtrop
Page 239 and 240: 216 Grasslands of the world (Argent
Page 241 and 242: 218 Grasslands of the world para Ba
Page 243 and 244: Grasslands of central North America
Page 245 and 246: REX PIEPER REX PIEPER Grasslands of
Page 249 and 250: S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
Page 251 and 252: MAE ELSINGER DUANE McCARTNEY Grassl
Page 253 and 254: JEFF PRINTZ, USDA-NRCS JEFF PRINTZ,
Page 255 and 256: S.G. REYNOLDS DUANE McCARTNEY Grass
Page 257 and 258: MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central
Page 259: Grasslands of central North America
Page 265 and 266: S.G. REYNOLDS Grasslands of central
Page 269 and 270: MAE ELSINGER Grasslands of central
Page 287 and 288: 266 Figure 7.1 Map of Mongolia . Pl
Page 289 and 290: 268 TABLE 7.1 Land resources of Mon
Page 291 and 292: 270 TABLE 7.3 Projected total popul
Page 293 and 294: 272 Plate 7.5 Wheat was once grown
Page 295 and 296: 274 Grasslands of the world made of
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Page 299 and 300: 278 Plate 7.9 Saddle horses on hitc
Page 301 and 302: 280 TABLE 7.5 Haymaking by producer
Page 303 and 304: 282 Plate 7.11 Meadow grazing - Ark
Page 305 and 306: 284 Grasslands of the world croppin
Page 307 and 308: 286 TABLE 7.10 Evolution of stock n
Page 309 and 310: 288 Plate 7.14 Polled yak in autumn
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290 Figure 7.3 Evolution of stock u
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292 Grasslands of the world of this
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294 Grasslands of the world TABLE 7
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296 Grasslands of the world can go
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298 Grasslands of the world arable
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300 Grasslands of the world regulat
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302 Grasslands of the world systems
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304 Grasslands of the world Suttie,
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306 Grasslands of the world Figure
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308 Plate 8.3 Harvested wheat in th
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310 Grasslands of the world Tang. T
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312 TABLE 8.1 Grassland types of th
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314 Plate 8.5 Poa alpina . Plate 8.
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316 Grasslands of the world precipi
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318 Grasslands of the world TABLE 8
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320 Grasslands of the world of the
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322 Plate 8.11 Kokonor camp with th
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324 Plate 8.14 Milk collection. Pla
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326 Grasslands of the world The num
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328 Grasslands of the world part of
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332 Grasslands of the world 340 000
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334 Plate 8.20 Longri summer camp.
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336 Grasslands of the world There i
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338 Grasslands of the world Clarke,
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340 Grasslands of the world Kush-Hi
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342 Grasslands of the world William
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344 Grasslands of the world grazing
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346 Grasslands of the world Growing
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348 Grasslands of the world that co
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350 Grasslands of the world cessati
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352 Grasslands of the world This zo
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354 Figure 9.2 Natural vegetation z
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356 Grasslands of the world or loam
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358 Grasslands of the world after r
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360 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 (a) Queensl
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362 Grasslands of the world Tropica
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364 Grasslands of the world AVAILAB
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368 Grasslands of the world from th
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370 Grasslands of the world grassla
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374 Grasslands of the world FUTURE
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376 Grasslands of the world Hall, T
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378 Grasslands of the world Martin,
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380 Grasslands of the world Wilson,
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382 Figure 10.1 Extent of grassland
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384 Grasslands of the world with su
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386 Grasslands of the world was to
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388 Plate 10.1 Agropyron pectinifor
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390 Plate 10.3 Festuca sulcata Gras
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392 Grasslands of the world The FSU
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394 Grasslands of the world thinkin
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396 TABLE 10.4 Climate data of the
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398 Plate 10.5 Kochia prostrata Pla
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400 Plate 10.7 Forest -steppe with
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402 Grasslands of the world Young f
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404 Plate 10.9 Poa bulbosa. Grassla
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406 Grasslands of the world shade-l
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408 Grasslands of the world Physica
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410 Grasslands of the world Mikheev
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412 Grasslands of the world it was
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414 Grasslands of the world of grou
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416 Grasslands of the world Vil’y
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418 Plate 11.1 Trifolium fragiferum
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420 Plate 11.2 Millet, a major crop
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424 Grasslands of the world sudania
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426 Grasslands of the world perenni
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428 Plate 11.8 Park grasslands in N
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430 Grasslands of the world In Para
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432 Plate 11.10b A grassland domina
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434 Grasslands of the world the nor
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436 Grasslands of the world remaini
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438 Plate 11.15 Small ruminants on
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440 Plate 11.19 Qinghai - motorcycl
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442 Plate 11.21 Leymus chinensis .
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444 Plate 11.22 The Himalaya -Hindu
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446 Plate 11.24 Transhumant Kuchi f
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448 Grasslands of the world grazing
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450 Plate 11.27 Delivering fodder t
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452 Plate 11.29 Syrian rangeland ha
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454 Grasslands of the world tains.
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456 Grasslands of the world Turkey
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458 Plate 11.31 Sainfoin (Onobrychi
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460 Grasslands of the world Gintzbu
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Grassland perspectives 463 Chapter
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Grassland perspectives 465 as well
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ALICE CARLONI ALICE CARLONI Grassla
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Grassland perspectives 469 The gras
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Grassland perspectives 471 Trees an
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Grassland perspectives 473 is lost.
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Grassland perspectives 475 breeding
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Grassland perspectives 477 traditio
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Grassland perspectives 479 the numb
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Grassland perspectives 481 to sown
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S.G. REYNOLDS SARDI Grassland persp
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MAGNUS HALLING SARDI Grassland pers
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Grassland perspectives 487 fencing
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MARZIO MARZOT Grassland perspective
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S.G. REYNOLDS Grassland perspective
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Grassland perspectives 493 extremel
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Index 495 A Acacia spp. 31, 34, 36,
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Index 497 B Baccharis spp. 175, 182
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Index 499 Chamaecrista spp. 199, 37
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Index 501 ciliatum 199 elegans 199
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Index 503 fl echillares 176, 177 fl
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Index 505 I Imperata spp. 3, 442, 4
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Index 507 sheep 288, 323, 326, 330
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Index 509 Poa spp. 133, 134, 135, 1
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Index 511 Sheep 14, 15, 38, 39, 84,
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Index 513 Tiller density 204 Touris
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