SLC Thesis Template - ResearchSpace@Auckland - The University ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

described by Walbank as „full of commonplaces and it is unlikely they go back to a genuine record.‟ 277 Paulus‟ exhortation conveys an appropriate sense of foreboding as he attempts to justify the earlier defeats at the Trebia River and Lake Trasimene and proclaims that there were no more excuses for losing (Hist. 3.108-109). Thus although Polybius may have followed Thucydidean principles of producing what was likely to have been said, there is a certain irony to Paulus voicing the advantage of having both consuls and their armies together when the next passage presents him arguing with Varro and reluctant to fight due to the unsuitability of the terrain (Hist. 3.110). Hannibal‟s exhortation is slightly briefer than Paulus‟ speech and correspondingly encouraging and positive, as befitting an imminent victor. Hannibal reminds his men of their three earlier victories and highlights the advantages of the terrain for their style of fighting. As this point becomes the subject of the argument between the two consuls it indicates that the speech is either closely edited or scripted for the text. The closing remark that victory will win Hannibal‟s men the city of Rome and everything they wished for (Hist. 3.111.3-11) proves an empty promise and a similar account of Hannibal speaking of these goals as expectations for his men, rather than his own intention, reappears in the Punica. Livy does not include any formal exhortations prior to Cannae. This decision, coupled with the less prominent location of the battle within his text, mentioned above, reduces the significance of the battle in relation to the overall structure of his text. It also recognises the equality of power between the two consuls by not prioritising one over the other with a speech. The consuls are given voices, but in the form of an argument which illustrates how their rivalry contributes to the defeat. The disagreement between them stems, not from opposing views about the suitability of the terrain as in the Polybian tradition, but over whether they should fight Hannibal at all. Paulus reminds Varro of Sempronius and Flaminius 278 while Varro claims that Fabius Maximus‟ refusal to fight was a poor example to follow: 277 Walbank, I. 442; Walbank, 1965, 12: „speeches by Romans are not only in the minority in the Histories but most of those are by men related either to the original family of Scipio Aemilianus or his adopted family.‟ 278 Paulus does not directly profess adherence to Fabius‟ tactics; his claim is that he intends to proceed cautiously (Livy, 22.38.9-11). i.e. he does not say that he would avoid battle. Contra Goldsworthy 2004, 199 who writes „there is no good reason to accept Livy‟s depiction of Aemilius Paulus as an adherent of Fabius‟ strategy of avoiding battle.‟ 109
Inde rursus sollicitari seditione militari ac discordia consulum Romana castra, cum Paulus Sempronique et Flamini temeritatem Varroni, Varro Paulo speciosum timidis ac segnibus ducibus exemplum Fabium obiceret, testareturque deos hominesque hic, nullam penes se culpam esse, quod Hannibal iam velut usu cepisset Italiam; Livy, 22.44.5-6 This caused the Roman camp to be once more the scene of strife amongst the soldiers and dissension between the consuls. Paulus cast in Varro‟s teeth the recklessness of Sempronius and Flaminius; Varro retorted that Fabius was a specious example for timid and slothful generals, and called on gods and men to witness that it was through no fault of his that Hannibal had by now acquired as it were a prescriptive right to Italy. Adapted from Foster, 1949, 347. Silius Italicus takes a different approach and gives Hannibal an exhortation (Pun. 9.184-216) but not to either of the Roman consuls; they argue because Varro resents the delay after winning a skirmish against Hannibal (Pun. 9.25-36). Hannibal‟s exhortation echoes and extends a number of points in the Polybian version as Hannibal assures the men that both Italy and the city of Rome would to fall to them after their victory. „neu vos Garganus Daunique fefellerit ora; ad muros statis Romae; licet avia longe urbs agat et nostro procul a certamine distet, hic hodie ruet, atque ultra te ad proelia, miles, nulla voco; ex acie tende in Capitolia cursum.‟ 110 Pun. 9.212-216 „And do not be misled by the sight of Mount Garganus and the land of Daunus: you are standing now before the walls of Rome. Although the city lies at a distance and is far removed from this battlefield, she shall fall here and now, and never again shall I summon you to arms; when the fight is over, march straight against the Capitol.‟ Duff, 1989, 19. Furthermore, Hannibal explicitly limits his own expectations announcing that he will be content with the fame and glory alone: „mihi magna satis, sat vero superque bellandi merces sit gloria; cetera vobis vicantur.‟ Pun. 9.193-5 „For me fame is enough, and more than enough, to repay me for the toils of war; let the other gains of victory be yours.‟ Duff, 1989, 17.
Page 1 and 2:
http://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract There are many stories abo
Page 5 and 6:
Table of Abbreviations Latin and Gr
Page 7 and 8:
Hannibal almost duels with Aemilius
Page 9 and 10:
Acknowledgements My first heartfelt
Page 11 and 12:
to produce a historical study of th
Page 13 and 14:
published in the Flavian period. Th
Page 15 and 16:
offers a more plausible historical
Page 17 and 18:
second century were entertained wit
Page 19 and 20:
There is, of course, deep appreciat
Page 21 and 22:
apt witticism by echoing Ovid on Ca
Page 23 and 24:
features in their texts to prioriti
Page 25 and 26:
among the greatest stumbling blocks
Page 27 and 28:
historiographical tradition but may
Page 29 and 30:
accompanying scenes of titillation,
Page 31 and 32:
at the opening of this Introduction
Page 33 and 34:
eferences are found within speeches
Page 35 and 36:
Polybius states that Hamilcar Barca
Page 37 and 38:
within the third decad by concludin
Page 39 and 40:
her final imprecation that Carthage
Page 41 and 42:
ack into mythical time. The Barca f
Page 43 and 44:
haec inter iuncto religatus in ordi
Page 45 and 46:
claims that Hannibal had avenged th
Page 47 and 48:
previously beaten enemy, and that t
Page 49 and 50:
the same family have held such a co
Page 51 and 52:
Polybius and Livy. 130 Initially, S
Page 53 and 54:
Chapter 2: Hannibal appropriates He
Page 55 and 56:
ut iste volunt (Livy, 21.10.8). Mor
Page 57 and 58:
In the Phoenician or Carthaginian p
Page 59 and 60:
Presently the wondrous treasure bec
Page 61 and 62:
to Hamilcar; his preference is unex
Page 63 and 64: tracks, disguising movements, layin
Page 65 and 66: travelling from Spain to Italy). In
Page 67 and 68: Progress is slow in the Punica beca
Page 69 and 70: (Hist. 3.48.12). He debunks any pre
Page 71 and 72: forces, 191 sending some to Spain (
Page 73 and 74: These differences arise in part fro
Page 75 and 76: Livy presents Rome‟s resistance t
Page 77 and 78: Polybius, Livy and Silius Italicus
Page 79 and 80: Multa secum quonam inde ire pergere
Page 81 and 82: inflicted on those captured by Hann
Page 83 and 84: significant roles in each of the ot
Page 85 and 86: In this quote Livy echoes Cato‟s
Page 87 and 88: Representations of Hannibal threate
Page 89 and 90: „debellata procul, quaecumque voc
Page 91 and 92: immediately following has turned to
Page 93 and 94: ηαπ ηα δὲ πξ μαο δη
Page 95 and 96: Where Livy‟s Hannibal gains a new
Page 97 and 98: Livy‟s presentation allows for an
Page 99 and 100: Trasimene than after Cannae. One un
Page 101 and 102: They believed that, thanks to their
Page 103 and 104: Pompey: „you are our last resort:
Page 105 and 106: eference to Mithridates‟ courtier
Page 107 and 108: epresentation is very indirect. It
Page 109 and 110: have been better for Rome than vict
Page 111 and 112: Representing Hannibal’s leadershi
Page 113: Descriptive lists summarising the o
Page 117 and 118: In the other part of the field Paul
Page 119 and 120: death in battle added glory to the
Page 121 and 122: initially slow: segne primo (Livy,
Page 123 and 124: haud secus ac, fractae rector si fo
Page 125 and 126: πάληα δ᾽ ἦλ ηὰ πα
Page 127 and 128: followed by expiation rites as pres
Page 129 and 130: Silius Italicus uses omens to conne
Page 131 and 132: observe: „the differences between
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 5: Invading Campania, 217 a
Page 135 and 136: Besides the above advantages the wh
Page 137 and 138: Cum satis sciret per easdem angusti
Page 139 and 140: text is that everything is well org
Page 141 and 142: apida iam subdita peste virgulta at
Page 143 and 144: characteristic that Polybius notes
Page 145 and 146: ark, not surrendering until they re
Page 147 and 148: The people suddenly seized the Pref
Page 149 and 150: joining other senators with their f
Page 151 and 152: Silius Italicus, however, has the f
Page 153 and 154: Effects of Capuan luxury Hannibal d
Page 155 and 156: Nec Venerem interea fugit exoptabil
Page 157 and 158: compatriots from Spain, these deser
Page 159 and 160: Chapter 6: Hannibalis sat nomen era
Page 161 and 162: The claim was disputed in ancient t
Page 163 and 164: Livy stresses the importance of thi
Page 165 and 166:
Fortune 360 will provide a means fo
Page 167 and 168:
political climate of Augustan Rome
Page 169 and 170:
about the same time: Romam per eosd
Page 171 and 172:
Mother (Livy, 29.10.4-5). After con
Page 173 and 174:
to recall Hannibal. The description
Page 175 and 176:
namque gravis curis carpit dum noct
Page 177 and 178:
„Turn the ships‟ prows back tow
Page 179 and 180:
Whether Rome or Carthage should giv
Page 181 and 182:
ὄθξα θαὶ νὐθ ἐζέ
Page 183 and 184:
fingenti qua volt flectit (Livy, 30
Page 185 and 186:
the gods by conducting it so well.
Page 187 and 188:
Adesse finem belli ac laboris, in m
Page 189 and 190:
does Scipio. Appian closes the scen
Page 191 and 192:
other protagonists involved in a co
Page 193 and 194:
arrangement of the text, Hannibal e
Page 195 and 196:
Cum in apparando acerrime esset occ
Page 197 and 198:
qui nunc servatas evertat funditas
Page 199 and 200:
Livy‟s presentation of Hannibal i
Page 201 and 202:
Hannibal the Scapegoat and Warmonge
Page 203 and 204:
shelter. Hannibal sailed out in the
Page 205 and 206:
direct speech by Hannibal to Antioc
Page 207 and 208:
Hannibal unus, cuius eo tempore vel
Page 209 and 210:
Somewhat less credible is the detai
Page 211 and 212:
Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisq
Page 213 and 214:
Cornelius Nepos similarly depicts F
Page 215 and 216:
The Sibyl predicts that Hannibal wi
Page 217 and 218:
Missus Hannibal in Hispaniam primo
Page 219 and 220:
By nature he was eager for action a
Page 221 and 222:
Conclusions There are a number of c
Page 223 and 224:
It is interesting to note that epis
Page 225 and 226:
and pietas, with Polybius and Corne
Page 227 and 228:
The fifth chapter compared treatmen
Page 229 and 230:
Livy and Polybius who depict Hannib
Page 231 and 232:
Figure 1: Kraay, Pl.112 No 332 Figu
Page 233 and 234:
Figure 5: ‘Hannibal,’ Museo Arc
Page 235 and 236:
Appendix 1: Omen lists for Cannae,
Page 237 and 238:
Appendix 2: The importance of names
Page 239 and 240:
attle; occasionally naming the comm
Page 241 and 242:
It is with the final word at the cl
Page 243 and 244:
Bibliography Ancient texts and tran
Page 245 and 246:
Polybius, Histories V, translated b
Page 247 and 248:
Barnes, W. R., 1995, „Silius Ital
Page 249 and 250:
Dominik, W. J., 2003, „Hannibal a
Page 251 and 252:
Hoyos, Dexter, 1999, „A modern vi
Page 253 and 254:
Morgan, M. G., 1972, „Polybius an
Page 255 and 256:
Seymour Forster, Edward, 1995, (tra
show all

SLC Thesis Template - ResearchSpace@Auckland - The University ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?