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Watson writes, Horace dignifies the threat they offered to Rome. 357 The change in attitude toward the Capuans is also apparent in Silius: Sed fas id Celtis, fas impia bella referre Boiorum fuerit populis: Capuaene furorem, quem Senonum genti, placuisse, et Dardana ab ortu moenia barbarico Nomadum sociata tyranno quisnam, mutato tantum nunc tempore, credat? 153 Pun. 11.28-32 It might be lawful for Celts, lawful for the tribes of the Boii, to renew impious warfare; but who could believe that Capua would take the same mad decision as the tribe of Senones, and that a city of Trojan origin would ally herself with the barbarous ruler of the Numidians – who could believe this now, when times have changed so greatly? Duff, 1989, 103. The Capuans had been allied to Rome for so long and had such close ties, that Silius challenges anyone to believe that Capua would consider deserting Rome. 357 Watson, 2003, 491. Also Mankin, 1995, 247.
Chapter 6: Hannibalis sat nomen erat Hannibal‟s name was enough 154 Punica, 16.19 The fall of Capua back into Roman hands cost Hannibal a measure of prestige among Italian towns, but it was by no means the end of his war. His determination to continue is reflected in two further invasions of Italy in 207 and 205 led by Hasdrubal and Mago respectively, and if either had been successful in linking with Hannibal, the outcome of the war may have been different. Even so, Hannibal remained in Italy at least until autumn 203. The representations of Hannibal in relation to these events and Zama are explored in this chapter. The chapter is divided into four sections which examine, firstly, the tradition that Hannibal remained undefeated throughout the time he was in Italy; secondly the treatments of the two Carthaginian invasions of Italy in 207 and 205; thirdly the presentations of Hannibal‟s departure from Italy, and fourthly, the treatments of Zama 358 as an iconic event. This last has subsections focussed on the presentations of a meeting between Scipio and Hannibal prior to battle, the patterning of their speeches and harangues, and the features that glorify the battle itself, particularly in terms of what the protagonists thought they were fighting for. The depictions of Hannibal in all of these circumstances are shown to be strongly influenced by an author‟s portrayal of Scipio Africanus. Wiseman 359 argues that the Scipio myth is derived from the presentations in the Histories and the Punica which recognises the correlation between these two texts, but accepting his view dates the development of the Scipio myth to the post-Flavian period whereas it is argued here that the Scipio myth was pervasive from an earlier period and underlies even those authors, such as Livy, who attempt to limit the significance of Scipio. Hannibal‟s persistence against Rome meant that for generations after his death, he remained the most feared of all Rome‟s enemies: parentibusque abominatus Hannibal 358 For discussions on the historic event of Zama, see Scullard, 1970, 140-160; Goldswothy, 2001, 286- 309. 359 Wiseman, 2004, 177 argues that Scipio Africanus was the first historic Roman figure to be assigned divine parentage.
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Abstract There are many stories abo
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Table of Abbreviations Latin and Gr
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Hannibal almost duels with Aemilius
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Acknowledgements My first heartfelt
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to produce a historical study of th
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published in the Flavian period. Th
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offers a more plausible historical
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second century were entertained wit
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There is, of course, deep appreciat
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apt witticism by echoing Ovid on Ca
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features in their texts to prioriti
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among the greatest stumbling blocks
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historiographical tradition but may
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accompanying scenes of titillation,
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at the opening of this Introduction
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eferences are found within speeches
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Polybius states that Hamilcar Barca
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within the third decad by concludin
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her final imprecation that Carthage
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ack into mythical time. The Barca f
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haec inter iuncto religatus in ordi
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claims that Hannibal had avenged th
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previously beaten enemy, and that t
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the same family have held such a co
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Polybius and Livy. 130 Initially, S
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Chapter 2: Hannibal appropriates He
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ut iste volunt (Livy, 21.10.8). Mor
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In the Phoenician or Carthaginian p
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Presently the wondrous treasure bec
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to Hamilcar; his preference is unex
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tracks, disguising movements, layin
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travelling from Spain to Italy). In
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Progress is slow in the Punica beca
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(Hist. 3.48.12). He debunks any pre
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forces, 191 sending some to Spain (
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These differences arise in part fro
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Livy presents Rome‟s resistance t
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Polybius, Livy and Silius Italicus
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Multa secum quonam inde ire pergere
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inflicted on those captured by Hann
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significant roles in each of the ot
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In this quote Livy echoes Cato‟s
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Representations of Hannibal threate
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„debellata procul, quaecumque voc
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immediately following has turned to
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ηαπ ηα δὲ πξ μαο δη
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Where Livy‟s Hannibal gains a new
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Livy‟s presentation allows for an
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Trasimene than after Cannae. One un
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They believed that, thanks to their
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Pompey: „you are our last resort:
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eference to Mithridates‟ courtier
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Page 109 and 110: have been better for Rome than vict
Page 111 and 112: Representing Hannibal’s leadershi
Page 113 and 114: Descriptive lists summarising the o
Page 115 and 116: Inde rursus sollicitari seditione m
Page 117 and 118: In the other part of the field Paul
Page 119 and 120: death in battle added glory to the
Page 121 and 122: initially slow: segne primo (Livy,
Page 123 and 124: haud secus ac, fractae rector si fo
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Page 127 and 128: followed by expiation rites as pres
Page 129 and 130: Silius Italicus uses omens to conne
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Page 133 and 134: Chapter 5: Invading Campania, 217 a
Page 135 and 136: Besides the above advantages the wh
Page 137 and 138: Cum satis sciret per easdem angusti
Page 139 and 140: text is that everything is well org
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Page 145 and 146: ark, not surrendering until they re
Page 147 and 148: The people suddenly seized the Pref
Page 149 and 150: joining other senators with their f
Page 151 and 152: Silius Italicus, however, has the f
Page 153 and 154: Effects of Capuan luxury Hannibal d
Page 155 and 156: Nec Venerem interea fugit exoptabil
Page 157: compatriots from Spain, these deser
Page 161 and 162: The claim was disputed in ancient t
Page 163 and 164: Livy stresses the importance of thi
Page 165 and 166: Fortune 360 will provide a means fo
Page 167 and 168: political climate of Augustan Rome
Page 169 and 170: about the same time: Romam per eosd
Page 171 and 172: Mother (Livy, 29.10.4-5). After con
Page 173 and 174: to recall Hannibal. The description
Page 175 and 176: namque gravis curis carpit dum noct
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Page 179 and 180: Whether Rome or Carthage should giv
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Page 183 and 184: fingenti qua volt flectit (Livy, 30
Page 185 and 186: the gods by conducting it so well.
Page 187 and 188: Adesse finem belli ac laboris, in m
Page 189 and 190: does Scipio. Appian closes the scen
Page 191 and 192: other protagonists involved in a co
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Page 195 and 196: Cum in apparando acerrime esset occ
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Page 201 and 202: Hannibal the Scapegoat and Warmonge
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Page 205 and 206: direct speech by Hannibal to Antioc
Page 207 and 208: Hannibal unus, cuius eo tempore vel
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Somewhat less credible is the detai
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Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisq
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Cornelius Nepos similarly depicts F
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The Sibyl predicts that Hannibal wi
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Missus Hannibal in Hispaniam primo
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By nature he was eager for action a
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Conclusions There are a number of c
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It is interesting to note that epis
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and pietas, with Polybius and Corne
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The fifth chapter compared treatmen
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Livy and Polybius who depict Hannib
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Figure 1: Kraay, Pl.112 No 332 Figu
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Figure 5: ‘Hannibal,’ Museo Arc
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Appendix 1: Omen lists for Cannae,
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Appendix 2: The importance of names
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attle; occasionally naming the comm
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It is with the final word at the cl
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Bibliography Ancient texts and tran
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Polybius, Histories V, translated b
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Barnes, W. R., 1995, „Silius Ital
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Dominik, W. J., 2003, „Hannibal a
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Hoyos, Dexter, 1999, „A modern vi
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Morgan, M. G., 1972, „Polybius an
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Seymour Forster, Edward, 1995, (tra
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