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Antium Sky torn 22.1.11 bright 8.652 Jupiter‟s light revealed face revealed Lots shrunk 21.62.5 Caere 22.1.11 Statues sweat 22.1.12 Mars 22.1.12 Wolf 1.557 (Lares) Sky on fire 22.1.12 Capua 1.527 sky 1.531 sky Images bleed 22.36.7 Sabine Soldiers struck by 22.1.9 7.155 lightning 22.36.9 Cold water from hot springs 22.36.7 Sacred chickens Cicero, De Per. 19.2 22.42.8 not eat Div. 1.35.77 Trasimene Vestals have affairs 22.57 Vesta‟s fire out 28.11 1.549-50 Mountains 8.629Garganus 7.173-4Pindus collapse/move 8.644 Tarpeian into Olympus Floods 8.630 Aufidus 8.647 Allia Screech owls 8.634 camp gates Bees swarm 21.46.1-2 Scipio 8.635 1.6.12 on 7.187 so thick at Ticinus Densae (thick Pompey‟s that Pompey‟s swarms) standards standards are hidden Comets 8.636 multiple 1.529 one Ghosts 8.641-2 dead „Nocturnal 1.569-71groans Gauls rise terrors‟ from urns Pompey‟s 1.572 a Fury camp 1.581 Sulla 1.583 Marius Earthquakes Cicero, de 8.648 Alps 1.553 Alps Div 3.35.78 8.648 1.610 Alps Gaul, Italy (Trasimene) Apennines Meteors and/or 27.11 statue of 8.650-1 1.6.12 1.527 Meteors Lightning Jupiter on Alban Meteors Libya against 1.530 lightning Thunderbolts Mount; tree; to Latium. Pompey‟s 1.534 grove at Ostia; Thunderbolts men thunderbolts Temple of Africa to Italy from North to Fortune at Latium Capua; wall and 7.155 meteors, gates at Sinuessa columns of fire 29.14.3 East to and lightning West, Setia at soldiers Volcano erupt 8.654 1.545 Etna – Vesuvius – on scale worthy of Etna (!) toward Italy Father-son parricide - portent of civil war 9.66ff 231
Appendix 2: The importance of names Polybius‟ first named Roman in the Histories is Appius Claudius (Consul 264) and the first named Carthaginian is Hannibal‟s father, Hamilcar Barca (Hist. 1.11; 1.13). Polybius demonstrably manipulated his text in order to name Hamilcar first because prior to this passage, Polybius referred to the Carthaginians only in general terms and therefore avoided naming Hanno whom he knew to be the „Carthaginian commander‟ in Histories 1.11 because he referred back to Hanno in that role at Histories 1.16. By the same token, the choice of Appius Claudius is deliberate, (if nothing else, he had a colleague, Fulvius), and, in this instance, it might be connected to contemporary second century politics. In 184, an Appius Claudius headed a commission to investigate and report on the Achaean League, and Polybius may have intended to flatter him through prioritising his ancestor and family name (cf. Livy, 34.33). As quoted in the Introduction to this thesis, the first named figure in Livy‟s third decad is Hannibal followed by the Roman people as a community: quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere (Livy, 21.1.1). The first and the last Roman names in the third decad are both Scipio (Livy, 21.6, the father, Publius Cornelius Scipio; Livy, 30.45, his more famous son, Scipio Africanus). The literary decision to make „Scipio‟ the first Roman name in the decad required Livy to prioritise a tradition which he believed to be anachronistic over when, exactly, the Saguntines sent envoys to Rome to request assistance: Consules tunc Romae erant P. Cornelius Scipio et Ti. Sempronius Longus (Livy, 21.6.3). Livy delayed discussion of the chronological problem until nearly ten chapters later well after the initial impact of the Scipio name has passed. Livy noted that these two men were consuls in 218, whereas other sources (including Polybius) stated that the siege of Saguntum began in 219, in which case, these they could not have been the consuls (Livy, 21.15.2-6). Therefore Livy was aware of the chronological problem and its convenient implication that the siege of Saguntum did not last as long as suggested by others; he also indicates his dissatisfaction and criticism of the historicity of the source text through the phrase: quae si ita sunt – if this is so (Livy, 21.15.4). Livy‟s decision to discuss the chronology at all indicates to his audience that his text is carefully arranged to suit his particular presentation. 232
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Abstract There are many stories abo
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Table of Abbreviations Latin and Gr
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Hannibal almost duels with Aemilius
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Acknowledgements My first heartfelt
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to produce a historical study of th
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published in the Flavian period. Th
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offers a more plausible historical
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second century were entertained wit
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There is, of course, deep appreciat
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apt witticism by echoing Ovid on Ca
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features in their texts to prioriti
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among the greatest stumbling blocks
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historiographical tradition but may
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accompanying scenes of titillation,
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at the opening of this Introduction
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eferences are found within speeches
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Polybius states that Hamilcar Barca
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within the third decad by concludin
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her final imprecation that Carthage
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ack into mythical time. The Barca f
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haec inter iuncto religatus in ordi
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claims that Hannibal had avenged th
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previously beaten enemy, and that t
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the same family have held such a co
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Polybius and Livy. 130 Initially, S
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Chapter 2: Hannibal appropriates He
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ut iste volunt (Livy, 21.10.8). Mor
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In the Phoenician or Carthaginian p
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Presently the wondrous treasure bec
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to Hamilcar; his preference is unex
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tracks, disguising movements, layin
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travelling from Spain to Italy). In
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Progress is slow in the Punica beca
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(Hist. 3.48.12). He debunks any pre
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forces, 191 sending some to Spain (
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These differences arise in part fro
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Livy presents Rome‟s resistance t
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Polybius, Livy and Silius Italicus
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Multa secum quonam inde ire pergere
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inflicted on those captured by Hann
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significant roles in each of the ot
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In this quote Livy echoes Cato‟s
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Representations of Hannibal threate
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„debellata procul, quaecumque voc
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immediately following has turned to
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ηαπ ηα δὲ πξ μαο δη
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Where Livy‟s Hannibal gains a new
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Livy‟s presentation allows for an
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Trasimene than after Cannae. One un
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They believed that, thanks to their
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Pompey: „you are our last resort:
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eference to Mithridates‟ courtier
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epresentation is very indirect. It
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have been better for Rome than vict
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Representing Hannibal’s leadershi
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Descriptive lists summarising the o
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Inde rursus sollicitari seditione m
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In the other part of the field Paul
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death in battle added glory to the
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initially slow: segne primo (Livy,
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haud secus ac, fractae rector si fo
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πάληα δ᾽ ἦλ ηὰ πα
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followed by expiation rites as pres
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Silius Italicus uses omens to conne
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observe: „the differences between
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Chapter 5: Invading Campania, 217 a
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Besides the above advantages the wh
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Cum satis sciret per easdem angusti
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text is that everything is well org
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apida iam subdita peste virgulta at
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characteristic that Polybius notes
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ark, not surrendering until they re
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The people suddenly seized the Pref
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joining other senators with their f
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Silius Italicus, however, has the f
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Effects of Capuan luxury Hannibal d
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Nec Venerem interea fugit exoptabil
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compatriots from Spain, these deser
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Chapter 6: Hannibalis sat nomen era
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The claim was disputed in ancient t
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Livy stresses the importance of thi
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Fortune 360 will provide a means fo
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political climate of Augustan Rome
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about the same time: Romam per eosd
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Mother (Livy, 29.10.4-5). After con
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to recall Hannibal. The description
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namque gravis curis carpit dum noct
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„Turn the ships‟ prows back tow
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Whether Rome or Carthage should giv
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ὄθξα θαὶ νὐθ ἐζέ
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fingenti qua volt flectit (Livy, 30
Page 185 and 186: the gods by conducting it so well.
Page 187 and 188: Adesse finem belli ac laboris, in m
Page 189 and 190: does Scipio. Appian closes the scen
Page 191 and 192: other protagonists involved in a co
Page 193 and 194: arrangement of the text, Hannibal e
Page 195 and 196: Cum in apparando acerrime esset occ
Page 197 and 198: qui nunc servatas evertat funditas
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Page 201 and 202: Hannibal the Scapegoat and Warmonge
Page 203 and 204: shelter. Hannibal sailed out in the
Page 205 and 206: direct speech by Hannibal to Antioc
Page 207 and 208: Hannibal unus, cuius eo tempore vel
Page 209 and 210: Somewhat less credible is the detai
Page 211 and 212: Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisq
Page 213 and 214: Cornelius Nepos similarly depicts F
Page 215 and 216: The Sibyl predicts that Hannibal wi
Page 217 and 218: Missus Hannibal in Hispaniam primo
Page 219 and 220: By nature he was eager for action a
Page 221 and 222: Conclusions There are a number of c
Page 223 and 224: It is interesting to note that epis
Page 225 and 226: and pietas, with Polybius and Corne
Page 227 and 228: The fifth chapter compared treatmen
Page 229 and 230: Livy and Polybius who depict Hannib
Page 231 and 232: Figure 1: Kraay, Pl.112 No 332 Figu
Page 233 and 234: Figure 5: ‘Hannibal,’ Museo Arc
Page 235: Appendix 1: Omen lists for Cannae,
Page 239 and 240: attle; occasionally naming the comm
Page 241 and 242: It is with the final word at the cl
Page 243 and 244: Bibliography Ancient texts and tran
Page 245 and 246: Polybius, Histories V, translated b
Page 247 and 248: Barnes, W. R., 1995, „Silius Ital
Page 249 and 250: Dominik, W. J., 2003, „Hannibal a
Page 251 and 252: Hoyos, Dexter, 1999, „A modern vi
Page 253 and 254: Morgan, M. G., 1972, „Polybius an
Page 255 and 256: Seymour Forster, Edward, 1995, (tra
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