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(Livy, 30.20.5-7; Diodorus Siculus 27.8-9; Appian, Hann. 9.59). 369 Yet, Livy closes with a remark that Hannibal arrived in Africa with no loss to his military strength (Livy, 30.28.1-2). Indeed, in historical terms, any of Hannibal‟s soldiers left behind would fear for their lives if they were captured by the Romans, thus refusing to travel to Africa with Hannibal seems an unlikely choice. The debate within the Carthaginian senate related by Polybius and Livy, discussed above, is not depicted in the Punica but implied when Syphax is summoned to the Carthaginian senate to be reminded that his marriage to Hasdrubal‟s daughter binds him to Carthage and overrides any agreement he made with the Romans. Consequently Syphax breaks his recent treaty with Rome (Pun. 17.59-75) but retribution for such impiety is swift because he and Hasdrubal are defeated in battle. The Roman victory is already assumed because Syphax is taken prisoner and kept alive for Scipio‟s triumph (Pun. 17.127-149; 17.629). The second senate debate is implied when envoys are sent to recall Hannibal, described as their last resort (cf. Hist. 14.10.1; Livy 30.9.8): Stabat Carthago, truncatis undique membris, uni nixa viro; tantoque fragore ruentem Hannibal absenti retinebat nomine molem. 169 Pun 17.149-51 Now that all her limbs were severed; Carthage depended entirely on one man for support; and the great name of Hannibal, even in his absence, kept the edifice of her greatness from falling in utter ruin. Duff, 1989, 451. Hannibal is reluctant to leave Italy, but the envoys point out that if he delayed, Carthage itself may no longer exist (Pun. 17.156-7). There is short delay until Hannibal dreams that he was forced out of Italy, not by Scipio, but by the ghosts of all those he had killed: 369 Appian also says that some were given as slaves to other soldiers in the army (Appian, Hann. 9.59). Moore, 1955, 441 n3: the story is a fiction; the temple would hold few people. (This is a very literal reading as a temple precinct could cover a considerable area.) Appian does not mention a temple; Diodorus Sicilus puts a number of 20,000 killed! The reality of Hannibal‟s military situation means he would not leave behind anything potentially useful for his enemies, whether equipment, pack animals, or well-trained soldiers.
namque gravis curis carpit dum nocte quietem, cernere Flaminium Gracchumque et cernere Paulum visus erat simul adversos mucronibus in se destrictis ruere atque Itala depellere terra; omnisque a Cannis Thrasymennique omnis ab undia in pontum impellens umbrarum exercitas ibat. 170 Pun. 17.160-5 For while resting at night from his burden of anxiety, he dreamed that Flaminius and Gracchus and Paulus were all attacking him at once with drawn swords and driving him off the soil of Italy; and the whole army of ghosts from Cannae and Lake Trasimene were marching against him and forcing him to the sea. Duff, 1989, 451. The envoys treat Hannibal as if he were a god: haec postquam dicta, et casus patuere metusque, effundunt lacrimas dextramque ut numen adorant. Pun. 17.182-3 When they had spoken thus and revealed their disasters and fears, they wept and kissed his hand as if it were a god‟s. Duff, 1989, 453. His response to them is not angry and frustrated as in Livy, but pensive as he ponders briefly if Carthage is worth the sacrifice (Pun. 17.184-6). Silius Italicus then depicts Hannibal, in a direct speech which echoes the Hannibal speech in Livy‟s text, summarising the difficulties that have beset him in terms of Carthaginian politics: „o dirum exitium mortalibus! O nihil umquam crescere nec magnas patiens exsurgere laudes, invidia! eversam iam pridem exscindere Romam atque aequasse solo potui, traducere captam servitum gentem Latioque imponere leges. dum sumptus dumque arma duci fessosque secundis summisso tirone negant recreare maniplos, dumque etiam Cerere et victu fraudasse cohortes Hannoni placet, induitur tota Africa flammis, pulsat Agenoreas Rhoeteia lancea portas. nunc patriae decus et patriae nunc Hannibal unus subsidium; nunc in nostra spes ultima dextra. vertentur signa, ut patres statuere; simulque et patriae muros et te servabimus, Hannon.‟ Pun. 17.187-200 „How dreadful the doom that waits on mortal men! How envy ever stunts the growth of great deeds and nips them in the bud! Long ago I might have overthrown Rome and sacked the city and levelled her with the ground; I might have carried her people into slavery and dictated the conditions of peace. But I was refused money and
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http://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz
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Abstract There are many stories abo
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Table of Abbreviations Latin and Gr
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Hannibal almost duels with Aemilius
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Acknowledgements My first heartfelt
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to produce a historical study of th
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published in the Flavian period. Th
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offers a more plausible historical
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second century were entertained wit
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There is, of course, deep appreciat
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apt witticism by echoing Ovid on Ca
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features in their texts to prioriti
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among the greatest stumbling blocks
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historiographical tradition but may
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accompanying scenes of titillation,
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at the opening of this Introduction
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eferences are found within speeches
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Polybius states that Hamilcar Barca
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within the third decad by concludin
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her final imprecation that Carthage
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ack into mythical time. The Barca f
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haec inter iuncto religatus in ordi
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claims that Hannibal had avenged th
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previously beaten enemy, and that t
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the same family have held such a co
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Polybius and Livy. 130 Initially, S
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Chapter 2: Hannibal appropriates He
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ut iste volunt (Livy, 21.10.8). Mor
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In the Phoenician or Carthaginian p
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Presently the wondrous treasure bec
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to Hamilcar; his preference is unex
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tracks, disguising movements, layin
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travelling from Spain to Italy). In
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Progress is slow in the Punica beca
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(Hist. 3.48.12). He debunks any pre
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forces, 191 sending some to Spain (
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These differences arise in part fro
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Livy presents Rome‟s resistance t
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Polybius, Livy and Silius Italicus
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Multa secum quonam inde ire pergere
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inflicted on those captured by Hann
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significant roles in each of the ot
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In this quote Livy echoes Cato‟s
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Representations of Hannibal threate
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„debellata procul, quaecumque voc
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immediately following has turned to
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ηαπ ηα δὲ πξ μαο δη
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Where Livy‟s Hannibal gains a new
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Livy‟s presentation allows for an
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Trasimene than after Cannae. One un
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They believed that, thanks to their
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Pompey: „you are our last resort:
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eference to Mithridates‟ courtier
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epresentation is very indirect. It
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have been better for Rome than vict
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Representing Hannibal’s leadershi
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Descriptive lists summarising the o
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Inde rursus sollicitari seditione m
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In the other part of the field Paul
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death in battle added glory to the
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initially slow: segne primo (Livy,
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Page 127 and 128: followed by expiation rites as pres
Page 129 and 130: Silius Italicus uses omens to conne
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Page 133 and 134: Chapter 5: Invading Campania, 217 a
Page 135 and 136: Besides the above advantages the wh
Page 137 and 138: Cum satis sciret per easdem angusti
Page 139 and 140: text is that everything is well org
Page 141 and 142: apida iam subdita peste virgulta at
Page 143 and 144: characteristic that Polybius notes
Page 145 and 146: ark, not surrendering until they re
Page 147 and 148: The people suddenly seized the Pref
Page 149 and 150: joining other senators with their f
Page 151 and 152: Silius Italicus, however, has the f
Page 153 and 154: Effects of Capuan luxury Hannibal d
Page 155 and 156: Nec Venerem interea fugit exoptabil
Page 157 and 158: compatriots from Spain, these deser
Page 159 and 160: Chapter 6: Hannibalis sat nomen era
Page 161 and 162: The claim was disputed in ancient t
Page 163 and 164: Livy stresses the importance of thi
Page 165 and 166: Fortune 360 will provide a means fo
Page 167 and 168: political climate of Augustan Rome
Page 169 and 170: about the same time: Romam per eosd
Page 171 and 172: Mother (Livy, 29.10.4-5). After con
Page 173: to recall Hannibal. The description
Page 177 and 178: „Turn the ships‟ prows back tow
Page 179 and 180: Whether Rome or Carthage should giv
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Page 183 and 184: fingenti qua volt flectit (Livy, 30
Page 185 and 186: the gods by conducting it so well.
Page 187 and 188: Adesse finem belli ac laboris, in m
Page 189 and 190: does Scipio. Appian closes the scen
Page 191 and 192: other protagonists involved in a co
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Page 195 and 196: Cum in apparando acerrime esset occ
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Page 201 and 202: Hannibal the Scapegoat and Warmonge
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Page 205 and 206: direct speech by Hannibal to Antioc
Page 207 and 208: Hannibal unus, cuius eo tempore vel
Page 209 and 210: Somewhat less credible is the detai
Page 211 and 212: Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisq
Page 213 and 214: Cornelius Nepos similarly depicts F
Page 215 and 216: The Sibyl predicts that Hannibal wi
Page 217 and 218: Missus Hannibal in Hispaniam primo
Page 219 and 220: By nature he was eager for action a
Page 221 and 222: Conclusions There are a number of c
Page 223 and 224: It is interesting to note that epis
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and pietas, with Polybius and Corne
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The fifth chapter compared treatmen
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Livy and Polybius who depict Hannib
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Figure 1: Kraay, Pl.112 No 332 Figu
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Figure 5: ‘Hannibal,’ Museo Arc
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Appendix 1: Omen lists for Cannae,
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Appendix 2: The importance of names
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attle; occasionally naming the comm
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It is with the final word at the cl
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Bibliography Ancient texts and tran
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Polybius, Histories V, translated b
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Barnes, W. R., 1995, „Silius Ital
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Dominik, W. J., 2003, „Hannibal a
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Hoyos, Dexter, 1999, „A modern vi
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Morgan, M. G., 1972, „Polybius an
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Seymour Forster, Edward, 1995, (tra
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