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Night is the time for ghostly apparitions and they feature in numerous Roman texts, 318 but only Silius Italicus has one of a Republican Roman soldier‟s worst nightmares: dead Gauls rising up out of their graves (Pun. 8.642)! 318 Cf. Virgil, Aen. 7.64; Lucan, bel. civ. 7.208-9; Seneca, Ag. 1-55; Thy. 1-120; Tro. 1.1.-65; Apocolocyntosis Divi Claudii; Octavia, 593-645; Statius, Thebaid. 127
Chapter 5: Invading Campania, 217 and 216 The first section of this chapter compares the treatments of one of the most famous and more bizarre of the „Hannibal‟ stories: Hannibal‟s incursion into the ager Falernus which ended with his legendary night-time escape past Roman sentries when he distracted their attention with oxen that had burning faggots tied to their horns. While the basic core of the story remains the same across the texts, the variations in the circumstances suggest that many details, such as exactly „when‟ and „where‟ it took place quickly became uncertain, perhaps the effect of retelling a popular, highly dramatic tale. The representations of Hannibal vary from Polybius depicting him deliberately staging a dramatic exit to Livy representing him making a mistake over Latin pronunciation and tricking his way out of a trap. Silius Italicus will be shown to weave elements from both of these traditions into the Punica as well as presenting a more pragmatic „truth,‟ also hinted at by Livy, which may underlie the story of the oxen. The second section compares the treatments of Hannibal‟s takeover and occupation of Capua in 216, and the reputedly detrimental effects of Capuan wealth and luxury on Hannibal and his men. Primarily the texts present the ease with which Hannibal took control of Capua in moral terms which leads to some interesting disconnections as authors have to balance the claim and its implications against later representations of Hannibal. Indeed, the focus on Capuan moral degradation is so strong in the historiographic texts that the „historic‟ details of how, exactly, Hannibal took control of the town are a confused mix of the Capuans inviting Hannibal to their town (for different reasons); negotiating a treaty, and/or surrendering (too easily) with further differences over whether or not there was consensus amongst them to admit Hannibal. The comparisons indicate that the material is adapted to illustrate whichever canonical Roman moral an author considers to be most perverted, or missing at Capua or, conversely, which canonical sins the author wishes to promote in either, or both, of Hannibal and the Capuans. Once Hannibal enters the town, authors take the opportunity to display aspects of Hannibal‟s character through a selection of scenes that illustrate Hannibal‟s Punica fides: his greed, gluttony and tyranny. Where it might be expected that an author would represent Hannibal and his army becoming seduced and weakened by the effects of Capuan luxury, the texts are more 128
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Abstract There are many stories abo
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Table of Abbreviations Latin and Gr
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Hannibal almost duels with Aemilius
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Acknowledgements My first heartfelt
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to produce a historical study of th
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published in the Flavian period. Th
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offers a more plausible historical
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second century were entertained wit
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There is, of course, deep appreciat
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apt witticism by echoing Ovid on Ca
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features in their texts to prioriti
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among the greatest stumbling blocks
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historiographical tradition but may
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accompanying scenes of titillation,
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at the opening of this Introduction
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eferences are found within speeches
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Polybius states that Hamilcar Barca
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within the third decad by concludin
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her final imprecation that Carthage
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ack into mythical time. The Barca f
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haec inter iuncto religatus in ordi
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claims that Hannibal had avenged th
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previously beaten enemy, and that t
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the same family have held such a co
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Polybius and Livy. 130 Initially, S
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Chapter 2: Hannibal appropriates He
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ut iste volunt (Livy, 21.10.8). Mor
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In the Phoenician or Carthaginian p
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Presently the wondrous treasure bec
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to Hamilcar; his preference is unex
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tracks, disguising movements, layin
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travelling from Spain to Italy). In
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Progress is slow in the Punica beca
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(Hist. 3.48.12). He debunks any pre
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forces, 191 sending some to Spain (
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These differences arise in part fro
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Livy presents Rome‟s resistance t
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Polybius, Livy and Silius Italicus
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Multa secum quonam inde ire pergere
Page 81 and 82: inflicted on those captured by Hann
Page 83 and 84: significant roles in each of the ot
Page 85 and 86: In this quote Livy echoes Cato‟s
Page 87 and 88: Representations of Hannibal threate
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Page 95 and 96: Where Livy‟s Hannibal gains a new
Page 97 and 98: Livy‟s presentation allows for an
Page 99 and 100: Trasimene than after Cannae. One un
Page 101 and 102: They believed that, thanks to their
Page 103 and 104: Pompey: „you are our last resort:
Page 105 and 106: eference to Mithridates‟ courtier
Page 107 and 108: epresentation is very indirect. It
Page 109 and 110: have been better for Rome than vict
Page 111 and 112: Representing Hannibal’s leadershi
Page 113 and 114: Descriptive lists summarising the o
Page 115 and 116: Inde rursus sollicitari seditione m
Page 117 and 118: In the other part of the field Paul
Page 119 and 120: death in battle added glory to the
Page 121 and 122: initially slow: segne primo (Livy,
Page 123 and 124: haud secus ac, fractae rector si fo
Page 125 and 126: πάληα δ᾽ ἦλ ηὰ πα
Page 127 and 128: followed by expiation rites as pres
Page 129 and 130: Silius Italicus uses omens to conne
Page 131: observe: „the differences between
Page 135 and 136: Besides the above advantages the wh
Page 137 and 138: Cum satis sciret per easdem angusti
Page 139 and 140: text is that everything is well org
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Page 143 and 144: characteristic that Polybius notes
Page 145 and 146: ark, not surrendering until they re
Page 147 and 148: The people suddenly seized the Pref
Page 149 and 150: joining other senators with their f
Page 151 and 152: Silius Italicus, however, has the f
Page 153 and 154: Effects of Capuan luxury Hannibal d
Page 155 and 156: Nec Venerem interea fugit exoptabil
Page 157 and 158: compatriots from Spain, these deser
Page 159 and 160: Chapter 6: Hannibalis sat nomen era
Page 161 and 162: The claim was disputed in ancient t
Page 163 and 164: Livy stresses the importance of thi
Page 165 and 166: Fortune 360 will provide a means fo
Page 167 and 168: political climate of Augustan Rome
Page 169 and 170: about the same time: Romam per eosd
Page 171 and 172: Mother (Livy, 29.10.4-5). After con
Page 173 and 174: to recall Hannibal. The description
Page 175 and 176: namque gravis curis carpit dum noct
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Page 179 and 180: Whether Rome or Carthage should giv
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fingenti qua volt flectit (Livy, 30
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the gods by conducting it so well.
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Adesse finem belli ac laboris, in m
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does Scipio. Appian closes the scen
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other protagonists involved in a co
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arrangement of the text, Hannibal e
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Cum in apparando acerrime esset occ
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qui nunc servatas evertat funditas
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Livy‟s presentation of Hannibal i
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Hannibal the Scapegoat and Warmonge
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shelter. Hannibal sailed out in the
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direct speech by Hannibal to Antioc
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Hannibal unus, cuius eo tempore vel
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Somewhat less credible is the detai
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Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisq
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Cornelius Nepos similarly depicts F
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The Sibyl predicts that Hannibal wi
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Missus Hannibal in Hispaniam primo
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By nature he was eager for action a
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Conclusions There are a number of c
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It is interesting to note that epis
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and pietas, with Polybius and Corne
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The fifth chapter compared treatmen
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Livy and Polybius who depict Hannib
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Figure 1: Kraay, Pl.112 No 332 Figu
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Figure 5: ‘Hannibal,’ Museo Arc
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Appendix 1: Omen lists for Cannae,
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Appendix 2: The importance of names
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attle; occasionally naming the comm
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It is with the final word at the cl
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Bibliography Ancient texts and tran
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Polybius, Histories V, translated b
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Barnes, W. R., 1995, „Silius Ital
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Dominik, W. J., 2003, „Hannibal a
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Hoyos, Dexter, 1999, „A modern vi
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Morgan, M. G., 1972, „Polybius an
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Seymour Forster, Edward, 1995, (tra
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