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(Horace, Epode, 16.8). The quotation from the Punica for the title of this chapter poetically reinterprets a remark by Polybius that the Romans lived in dread of Hannibal until they defeated Hasdrubal at the Metaurus River in 207. The sentiment is similarly located in both texts, shortly after Hasdrubal‟s defeat at the Metaurus River (Hist. 11.3; Pun. 16.19). Livy does not directly admit to Roman fear of Hannibal at this stage of the war, but that fear underlies his statement that, despite their victory over Hasdrubal, the Romans did not provoke Hannibal as long as he remained inactive, such was the power that they believed he held: tantam inesse vim, etsi omnia alia circa eum ruerunt in uno illo duce censebant (Livy, 28.12.1). Hannibal undefeated in Italy Associated with the Roman fear of Hannibal is a tradition that Hannibal remained undefeated in battle throughout the time that he was in Italy; it glorifies Scipio as the first Roman to defeat Hannibal and, of course, enhances Hannibal‟s own reputation. The claim was disputed in ancient times, especially in relation to Marcellus (Livy, 23.15; Plutarch, Marcellus). Polybius supports the tradition by placing a claim in Hannibal‟s harangue to his men before Zama, that, in the previous seventeen years of fighting together, they had been invincible: Ἀλλίβαο δὲ ηνὺο κεζ᾽ αὑηνῦ παξαγεγνλόηαο ἐπηπνξεπόκελνο ἠμίνπ θαὶ παξεθάιεη δηὰ πιεηόλσλ κλεζζῆλαη κὲλ ηῆο πξὸο ἀιιήινπο ἑπηαθαηδεθαέηνπο ζπλεζείαο, κλεζζῆλαη δὲ ηνῦ πιήζνπο ηῶλ πξνγεγνλόησλ αὐηνῖο πξὸο Ῥσκαίνπο ἀγώλσλ. ἐλ νἷο ἀεηηήηνπο γεγνλόηαο νὐδ᾽ ἐιπίδα ηνῦ ληθᾶλ νὐδέπνη᾽ ἔθε Ῥσκαίνηο αὐηνὺο ἀπνιεινηπέλαη. Hist. 15.11.6-7 They did as they were ordered, and Hannibal himself went the round of his own troops, begging and imploring them to remember their comradeship of seventeen years and the number of the battles they had previously against the Romans. „In all these battles, you proved so invincible that you have not left the Romans the smallest hope of ever being able to defeat you...‟ Paton, 2000, 489. Its location in a speech by Hannibal immediately prior to battle at Zama imparts a sense of credibility, and serves to remind the audience that, according to this presentation, Scipio will become the first Roman to defeat Hannibal in a formal battle. 155
The claim was disputed in ancient times. In particular, Plutarch, while comparing Marcellus and Pelopidas at the conclusion of their paired biographies, expresses the opinion that Polybius specifically rejected representing Hannibal being defeated in Italy in favour of its effect on Scipio (Plutarch, Comparison of Pelopidas and Marcellus, 1.4- 7). Plutarch cites a range of other authors who counter the claim that Hannibal was not defeated in Italy including Livy, Caesar, Cornelius Nepos and King Juba (described as a Greek writer). He particularly notes their claim that sundry defeats and routs were inflicted by Marcellus upon Hannibal‟s army, and as some of these texts are extant they may be cross-checked. Any direct refutation of Marcellus‟ success or otherwise against Hannibal in Polybius‟ Histories is no longer extant. However, Plutarch may have a valid point because in the extant sections of the Histories, Polybius‟ acknowledgement of Hannibal‟s record in Italy is couched in very carefully phrased remarks. When, for instance, Polybius admires Hannibal‟s ability to retain men of diverse nationalities and languages within his army for a sustained period of time in Italy, he adds that this is even though the winds of fortune were not always in Hannibal’s favour: ἀιι᾽ ὅκσο ἡ ηνῦ πξνεζηῶηνο ἀγρίλνηα ηὰο ηειηθαύηαο θαὶ ηνηαύηαο δηαθνξὰο ἑλὸο ἐπνίεη πξνζηάγκαηνο ἀθνύεηλ θαὶ κηᾷ πείζεζζαη γλώκῃ, θαίπεξ νὐρ ἁπιῆο νὔζεο ηῆο πεξηζηάζεσο, ἀιιὰ θαὶ πνηθίιεο, θαὶ πνιιάθηο κὲλ αὐηνῖο ιακπξᾶο ἐπηπλενύζεο ηῆο ηύρεο, πνηὲ δὲ ηνὐλαληίνλ. Hist. 11.19.5 The metaphor is ambiguous and may refer to any type of ill-luck or hardship quite apart from battlefield defeats. If Cornelius Nepos published a biography of Marcellus, it is no longer extant, but comparing Plutarch‟s remarks against Nepos‟ biography of Hannibal makes interesting reading. Cornelius Nepos twice refers to Hannibal‟s track record in Italy: quamdiu in Italia fuit, nemo ei in acie restitit, nemo adversus eum post Cannensem pugnam in campo castra posuit. Hinc invictus patriam defensum revocatus, bellum gessit adversus P. Scipionem, filium eius quem ipse primo apud Rhodanum, apud Padum, tertio apud Trebiam fugarat. Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal, 5.4 - 6.1 156
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Abstract There are many stories abo
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Table of Abbreviations Latin and Gr
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Hannibal almost duels with Aemilius
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Acknowledgements My first heartfelt
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to produce a historical study of th
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published in the Flavian period. Th
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offers a more plausible historical
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second century were entertained wit
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There is, of course, deep appreciat
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apt witticism by echoing Ovid on Ca
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features in their texts to prioriti
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among the greatest stumbling blocks
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historiographical tradition but may
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accompanying scenes of titillation,
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at the opening of this Introduction
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eferences are found within speeches
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Polybius states that Hamilcar Barca
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within the third decad by concludin
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her final imprecation that Carthage
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ack into mythical time. The Barca f
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haec inter iuncto religatus in ordi
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claims that Hannibal had avenged th
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previously beaten enemy, and that t
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the same family have held such a co
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Polybius and Livy. 130 Initially, S
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Chapter 2: Hannibal appropriates He
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ut iste volunt (Livy, 21.10.8). Mor
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In the Phoenician or Carthaginian p
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Presently the wondrous treasure bec
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to Hamilcar; his preference is unex
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tracks, disguising movements, layin
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travelling from Spain to Italy). In
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Progress is slow in the Punica beca
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(Hist. 3.48.12). He debunks any pre
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forces, 191 sending some to Spain (
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These differences arise in part fro
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Livy presents Rome‟s resistance t
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Polybius, Livy and Silius Italicus
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Multa secum quonam inde ire pergere
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inflicted on those captured by Hann
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significant roles in each of the ot
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In this quote Livy echoes Cato‟s
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Representations of Hannibal threate
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„debellata procul, quaecumque voc
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immediately following has turned to
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ηαπ ηα δὲ πξ μαο δη
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Where Livy‟s Hannibal gains a new
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Livy‟s presentation allows for an
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Trasimene than after Cannae. One un
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They believed that, thanks to their
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Pompey: „you are our last resort:
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eference to Mithridates‟ courtier
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epresentation is very indirect. It
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Page 111 and 112: Representing Hannibal’s leadershi
Page 113 and 114: Descriptive lists summarising the o
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Page 117 and 118: In the other part of the field Paul
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Page 127 and 128: followed by expiation rites as pres
Page 129 and 130: Silius Italicus uses omens to conne
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Page 133 and 134: Chapter 5: Invading Campania, 217 a
Page 135 and 136: Besides the above advantages the wh
Page 137 and 138: Cum satis sciret per easdem angusti
Page 139 and 140: text is that everything is well org
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Page 145 and 146: ark, not surrendering until they re
Page 147 and 148: The people suddenly seized the Pref
Page 149 and 150: joining other senators with their f
Page 151 and 152: Silius Italicus, however, has the f
Page 153 and 154: Effects of Capuan luxury Hannibal d
Page 155 and 156: Nec Venerem interea fugit exoptabil
Page 157 and 158: compatriots from Spain, these deser
Page 159: Chapter 6: Hannibalis sat nomen era
Page 163 and 164: Livy stresses the importance of thi
Page 165 and 166: Fortune 360 will provide a means fo
Page 167 and 168: political climate of Augustan Rome
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Page 171 and 172: Mother (Livy, 29.10.4-5). After con
Page 173 and 174: to recall Hannibal. The description
Page 175 and 176: namque gravis curis carpit dum noct
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Page 179 and 180: Whether Rome or Carthage should giv
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Page 185 and 186: the gods by conducting it so well.
Page 187 and 188: Adesse finem belli ac laboris, in m
Page 189 and 190: does Scipio. Appian closes the scen
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Page 195 and 196: Cum in apparando acerrime esset occ
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Page 205 and 206: direct speech by Hannibal to Antioc
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Page 209 and 210: Somewhat less credible is the detai
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Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisq
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Cornelius Nepos similarly depicts F
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The Sibyl predicts that Hannibal wi
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Missus Hannibal in Hispaniam primo
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By nature he was eager for action a
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Conclusions There are a number of c
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It is interesting to note that epis
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and pietas, with Polybius and Corne
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The fifth chapter compared treatmen
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Livy and Polybius who depict Hannib
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Figure 1: Kraay, Pl.112 No 332 Figu
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Figure 5: ‘Hannibal,’ Museo Arc
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Appendix 1: Omen lists for Cannae,
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Appendix 2: The importance of names
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attle; occasionally naming the comm
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It is with the final word at the cl
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Bibliography Ancient texts and tran
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Polybius, Histories V, translated b
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Barnes, W. R., 1995, „Silius Ital
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Dominik, W. J., 2003, „Hannibal a
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Hoyos, Dexter, 1999, „A modern vi
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Morgan, M. G., 1972, „Polybius an
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Seymour Forster, Edward, 1995, (tra
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