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as the importance of the city not just to Hannibal, but to the decad and to Livy‟s whole work, ab urbe condita. Silius Italicus, on the other hand, reminds his audience that the events of 390 are long since avenged; Roman honour was restored by conquest and memorialised by Gallic helmets and the sword of Brennus hanging in the entrance to the Senate House (Pun. 1.609-29). The Punica does not locate Hannibal meeting with Gallic chiefs prior to crossing the Alps. On the other hand, it is more apparent in the Punica than in Livy that many Gauls support Hannibal because they feature in the catalogue of peoples that comprise Hannibal‟s army shortly before leaving Spain (Pun. 3.340; 345). Silius Italicus also more plausibly indicates that there are mixed reactions to Hannibal and his army from different tribes as Hannibal crosses their lands from the Pyrenees to the Alps: iamque per et colles et densos abiete lucos Bebryciae Poenus fines transcenderat aulae. inde ferox quaesitum armis per inhospita rura Volcarum populatur iter tumidique minaces accedit Rhodani festino milite ripas. 83 Pun. 3.442-446 And now, marching through hills and dense pinewoods, Hannibal crossed the territory of the Berbrycian king. Thence he boldly forced his way through the land of the inhospitable Volcae, and ravaged it, till he came with rapid march to the formidable banks of the swollen Rhône. Duff, 1996, 147. iamque Tricastinis incedit finibus agmen iam faciles campos iam rura Vocontia carpit. Pun. 3.466-7 Now Hannibal moved on through the territory of the Tricastini and made an easy march through the land of the Vocontii. Duff, 1996, 149. An easy march may refer to local topography but may equally imply conquest or negotiating safe passage, and the only tribe shown to be explicitly hostile (and conquered) are the Volcae. 219 Nonetheless, Hannibal later claims, as he does in Livy, that he forced or conquered his way across southern Gaul from Spain to Italy: 219 Contra Spaltenstein, 1986, 235 „Sil. néglige le combat contre les Volcae…‟
„debellata procul, quaecumque vocantur Hiberis,‟ ingenti Tyrius numerosa per agmina ductor voce sonat; non Pyrenen Rhodanumve ferocem iussa aspernatos Rutulam fumasse Saguntum, raptum per Celtas iter, 84 Pun. 4.59-63 Then Hannibal‟s voice rose in a great shout over his mighty host: „We have subdued all that distant land that bears the name of Spain; the Pyrenees and the proud Rhône have obeyed our bidding; Rutulian Saguntum has gone up in smoke; we forced a passage through Gaul,‟ Duff, 1996, 173. On arrival in the Po Valley, Hannibal cheered his men with the disingenuous remark that the rest of the route was over level ground and Rome was at their mercy (Pun. 4.40- 4). Polybius‟ presentation shows that many Romans, including Scipio, who expected Hannibal‟s journey over the Alps to have been exhausting, not toughening, were caught by surprise; Scipio was defeated and wounded in battle at the Ticinus River. Polybius condenses time, which has the effect of increasing the sense of shock and surprise at Rome when he says that news of Hannibal‟s arrival in Italy seemed to come almost as soon as the rumours over the crisis at Saguntum had quietened down. He adds that the sense of shock at Rome was made worse by stories that (unspecified) Italian towns in the Po Valley were already under siege. These rumours, when coupled with Hannibal‟s victory at the river Ticinus, present Hannibal defying all expectations, in a strong contrast to Polybius‟ earlier description of Hannibal‟s significant losses of men and animals in the Alps as well as the poor condition of the survivors. The Roman Senate responds by recalling the other consul, Tiberius 220 Sempronius, from Lilybaeum and requesting him to travel north at all speed to assist his colleague, Scipio (Hist. 3.61.5-8). There is an interesting correlation between the recording of rumours about besieged Italian towns on Hannibal‟s arrival in the Polybian tradition and rumours in the Punica. Silius Italicus personifies Rumour at the start of Punica 4 advancing through Italy with news of Hannibal‟s arrival, adding stories and exaggerating Hannibal‟s achievements, spreading panic among the populace (Pun. 4.1-38; cf. Hist. 3.61.6). Livy, perhaps unexpectedly, given the frequency with which he usually turns his narrative to Rome, makes no mention of the reaction at Rome either to news of Hannibal‟s arrival in Italy 220 Spaltenstein, 1986, 307 notes the consul was Tiberius Sempronius Longus; Silius Italicus calls him „Gracchus,‟ a branch of the family with a more illustrious name; Polybius names him „Tiberius‟ and Livy as „Sempronius.‟ When referring to this figure in the Punica, I will use the name Gracchus.
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Abstract There are many stories abo
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Table of Abbreviations Latin and Gr
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Hannibal almost duels with Aemilius
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Acknowledgements My first heartfelt
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to produce a historical study of th
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published in the Flavian period. Th
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offers a more plausible historical
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second century were entertained wit
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There is, of course, deep appreciat
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apt witticism by echoing Ovid on Ca
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features in their texts to prioriti
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among the greatest stumbling blocks
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historiographical tradition but may
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accompanying scenes of titillation,
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at the opening of this Introduction
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eferences are found within speeches
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Polybius states that Hamilcar Barca
Page 37 and 38: within the third decad by concludin
Page 39 and 40: her final imprecation that Carthage
Page 41 and 42: ack into mythical time. The Barca f
Page 43 and 44: haec inter iuncto religatus in ordi
Page 45 and 46: claims that Hannibal had avenged th
Page 47 and 48: previously beaten enemy, and that t
Page 49 and 50: the same family have held such a co
Page 51 and 52: Polybius and Livy. 130 Initially, S
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2: Hannibal appropriates He
Page 55 and 56: ut iste volunt (Livy, 21.10.8). Mor
Page 57 and 58: In the Phoenician or Carthaginian p
Page 59 and 60: Presently the wondrous treasure bec
Page 61 and 62: to Hamilcar; his preference is unex
Page 63 and 64: tracks, disguising movements, layin
Page 65 and 66: travelling from Spain to Italy). In
Page 67 and 68: Progress is slow in the Punica beca
Page 69 and 70: (Hist. 3.48.12). He debunks any pre
Page 71 and 72: forces, 191 sending some to Spain (
Page 73 and 74: These differences arise in part fro
Page 75 and 76: Livy presents Rome‟s resistance t
Page 77 and 78: Polybius, Livy and Silius Italicus
Page 79 and 80: Multa secum quonam inde ire pergere
Page 81 and 82: inflicted on those captured by Hann
Page 83 and 84: significant roles in each of the ot
Page 85 and 86: In this quote Livy echoes Cato‟s
Page 87: Representations of Hannibal threate
Page 91 and 92: immediately following has turned to
Page 93 and 94: ηαπ ηα δὲ πξ μαο δη
Page 95 and 96: Where Livy‟s Hannibal gains a new
Page 97 and 98: Livy‟s presentation allows for an
Page 99 and 100: Trasimene than after Cannae. One un
Page 101 and 102: They believed that, thanks to their
Page 103 and 104: Pompey: „you are our last resort:
Page 105 and 106: eference to Mithridates‟ courtier
Page 107 and 108: epresentation is very indirect. It
Page 109 and 110: have been better for Rome than vict
Page 111 and 112: Representing Hannibal’s leadershi
Page 113 and 114: Descriptive lists summarising the o
Page 115 and 116: Inde rursus sollicitari seditione m
Page 117 and 118: In the other part of the field Paul
Page 119 and 120: death in battle added glory to the
Page 121 and 122: initially slow: segne primo (Livy,
Page 123 and 124: haud secus ac, fractae rector si fo
Page 125 and 126: πάληα δ᾽ ἦλ ηὰ πα
Page 127 and 128: followed by expiation rites as pres
Page 129 and 130: Silius Italicus uses omens to conne
Page 131 and 132: observe: „the differences between
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 5: Invading Campania, 217 a
Page 135 and 136: Besides the above advantages the wh
Page 137 and 138: Cum satis sciret per easdem angusti
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text is that everything is well org
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apida iam subdita peste virgulta at
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characteristic that Polybius notes
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ark, not surrendering until they re
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The people suddenly seized the Pref
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joining other senators with their f
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Silius Italicus, however, has the f
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Effects of Capuan luxury Hannibal d
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Nec Venerem interea fugit exoptabil
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compatriots from Spain, these deser
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Chapter 6: Hannibalis sat nomen era
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The claim was disputed in ancient t
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Livy stresses the importance of thi
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Fortune 360 will provide a means fo
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political climate of Augustan Rome
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about the same time: Romam per eosd
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Mother (Livy, 29.10.4-5). After con
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to recall Hannibal. The description
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namque gravis curis carpit dum noct
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„Turn the ships‟ prows back tow
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Whether Rome or Carthage should giv
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ὄθξα θαὶ νὐθ ἐζέ
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fingenti qua volt flectit (Livy, 30
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the gods by conducting it so well.
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Adesse finem belli ac laboris, in m
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does Scipio. Appian closes the scen
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other protagonists involved in a co
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arrangement of the text, Hannibal e
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Cum in apparando acerrime esset occ
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qui nunc servatas evertat funditas
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Livy‟s presentation of Hannibal i
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Hannibal the Scapegoat and Warmonge
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shelter. Hannibal sailed out in the
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direct speech by Hannibal to Antioc
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Hannibal unus, cuius eo tempore vel
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Somewhat less credible is the detai
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Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisq
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Cornelius Nepos similarly depicts F
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The Sibyl predicts that Hannibal wi
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Missus Hannibal in Hispaniam primo
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By nature he was eager for action a
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Conclusions There are a number of c
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It is interesting to note that epis
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and pietas, with Polybius and Corne
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The fifth chapter compared treatmen
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Livy and Polybius who depict Hannib
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Figure 1: Kraay, Pl.112 No 332 Figu
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Figure 5: ‘Hannibal,’ Museo Arc
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Appendix 1: Omen lists for Cannae,
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Appendix 2: The importance of names
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attle; occasionally naming the comm
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It is with the final word at the cl
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Bibliography Ancient texts and tran
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Polybius, Histories V, translated b
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Barnes, W. R., 1995, „Silius Ital
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Dominik, W. J., 2003, „Hannibal a
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Hoyos, Dexter, 1999, „A modern vi
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Morgan, M. G., 1972, „Polybius an
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Seymour Forster, Edward, 1995, (tra
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