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Polybius links Hasdrubal‟s invasion of Italy in 207 to glorifying Scipio and implies that Scipio forced Hasdrubal out of Spain. The invasion is presented as a „last minute‟ decision by Hasdrubal whilst he was under pressure from Scipio‟s successes in Spain (Hist. 10.37). 362 Polybius explains that Scipio chose not to follow-up his attack on Hasdrubal because he was afraid of being attacked from behind by Mago and another Hasdrubal (the son of Gesco, Hist. 10.38.10-39.10). An explanation for Scipio not pursuing Hasdrubal after defeating him was certainly required given that Hasdrubal‟s „retreat‟ was at elephant pace and that he went on to invade Italy with a significant force (Hist. 10.39; 11.1). Silius Italicus also favours depicting Scipio driving Hasdrubal out of Spain, and recording his glorious victory on a shield set up among the peaks of the Pyrenees: Hasdrubalis spolium gradivo Scipio victor (Pun. 15.492). Any plans Hannibal had for linking with Hasdrubal in a pincer movement through the Italian peninsula came to an abrupt end when Hasdrubal was defeated and killed by the combined armies of M. Livius Salinator and C. Claudius Nero at the Metaurus River. Polybius treats the victory over Hasdrubal as important, locating it to open Histories 11, and, although some details may no longer be extant, Hasdrubal‟s death is marked with a very respectful literary portrait. Polybius then turns to the great joy at Rome, once people were convinced that the victory was genuine (Hist. 11.1-3.6). While treating the victory over Hasdrubal as important, Livy‟s presentation differs from Polybius in a number of respects (Livy, 27.40-49). In particular, Hasdrubal‟s invasion was a planned event and this, in turn, modifies the significance of Scipio‟s victory because it was not against a full strength Carthaginian army, as elephants, men and money had already been sent on ahead before Scipio attacked (Livy, 27.19.1). Scipio‟s decision not to pursue Hasdrubal for fear of being attacked from behind by Mago and the other Hasdrubal (Livy, 27.20.1) is criticised by Fabius Maximus, because Scipio allowed Hasdrubal to slip past and invade Italy (Livy, 28.42). 363 Placing such criticism in the mouth of Fabius Maximus is a touch ironic given that Hannibal and his entire army „slipped past‟ Fabius Maximus in the Falernian plain! In this version, the Romans initially learned about the planned invasion from captives (Livy, 27.5.12). The details were confirmed when the Romans captured Hasdrubal‟s messengers to Hannibal (Livy, 27.43). Livy‟s presentation may, like Horace, reflect the 362 Walbank, 1967, 247 Walbank considers Polybius‟ representation to be plausible. 161
political climate of Augustan Rome and ascendancy of the Julio-Claudians over the Scipios (lauding a „Claudian‟ victory over Hannibal). There is no Roman interception of spies in the Punica but the personification of Italy who urges Nero to travel north to his colleague (Pun. 15.546-557). Hannibal exhibits a rare touch of human frailty because he is deceived by the same tactics that he had used at Capua against the Romans. When the bulk of the Roman army slipped away under cover of darkness, Hannibal remained unaware that he was facing a reduced force (Livy, 27.47; Frontinus, Strat. 1.1.9). Hannibal only learned of the Hasdrubal‟s defeat through a highly dramatic gesture when Hasdrubal‟s head was thrown into his camp (Livy, 27.51). This gruesome signal is also preferred by Silius Italicus despite the fact that it does not reflect well on the Romans in comparison to Hannibal for honouring the bodies of dead enemy generals (Pun. 15.813-4). Horace depicts Hannibal lamenting the loss of his brother and voicing a prescience of overall defeat: „Carthagini iam non ego nuntios mittam superbos: occidit, occidit spes omnis et fortuna nostri nominis Hasdrubale interempto.‟ „No more shall I be sending to Carthage town proud messages now. Overthrown, overthrown is every hope and all our famous Fortune with Hasdrubal‟s fatal ending.‟ 162 Horace, Ode, 4.4.69-72 Lee, 1998, 169. Hannibal is described as retreating into Bruttium in response to the news, taking as many supporters as possible, including those who had to be relocated: Bruttia maerentem casus patriaeque suosque Hannibalem accepit tellus (Pun. 16.1; cf. Livy, 27.51). Depicting Hannibal with a prescience of defeat in 207 (agnosco infelicitatem Carthaginis Florus, 1.22.53) supports the presentation of this victory over Hasdrubal as a critical event, but it is premature to present Hannibal considering defeat. He exhibits a strong, almost Roman, spirit of doggedly continuing with war. Silius Italicus poetically 363 Walbank, 1967, 251-2 thinks Hasdrubal may have anticipated defeat and sent some elephants and cash on ahead, which evades the point about the size of army faced by Scipio. Walbank notes that Fabius‟ criticism shows it was a debated issue in ancient times.
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Abstract There are many stories abo
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Table of Abbreviations Latin and Gr
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Hannibal almost duels with Aemilius
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Acknowledgements My first heartfelt
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to produce a historical study of th
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published in the Flavian period. Th
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offers a more plausible historical
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second century were entertained wit
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There is, of course, deep appreciat
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apt witticism by echoing Ovid on Ca
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features in their texts to prioriti
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among the greatest stumbling blocks
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historiographical tradition but may
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accompanying scenes of titillation,
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at the opening of this Introduction
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eferences are found within speeches
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Polybius states that Hamilcar Barca
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within the third decad by concludin
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her final imprecation that Carthage
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ack into mythical time. The Barca f
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haec inter iuncto religatus in ordi
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claims that Hannibal had avenged th
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previously beaten enemy, and that t
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the same family have held such a co
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Polybius and Livy. 130 Initially, S
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Chapter 2: Hannibal appropriates He
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ut iste volunt (Livy, 21.10.8). Mor
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In the Phoenician or Carthaginian p
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Presently the wondrous treasure bec
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to Hamilcar; his preference is unex
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tracks, disguising movements, layin
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travelling from Spain to Italy). In
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Progress is slow in the Punica beca
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(Hist. 3.48.12). He debunks any pre
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forces, 191 sending some to Spain (
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These differences arise in part fro
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Livy presents Rome‟s resistance t
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Polybius, Livy and Silius Italicus
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Multa secum quonam inde ire pergere
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inflicted on those captured by Hann
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significant roles in each of the ot
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In this quote Livy echoes Cato‟s
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Representations of Hannibal threate
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„debellata procul, quaecumque voc
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immediately following has turned to
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ηαπ ηα δὲ πξ μαο δη
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Where Livy‟s Hannibal gains a new
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Livy‟s presentation allows for an
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Trasimene than after Cannae. One un
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They believed that, thanks to their
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Pompey: „you are our last resort:
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eference to Mithridates‟ courtier
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epresentation is very indirect. It
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have been better for Rome than vict
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Representing Hannibal’s leadershi
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Descriptive lists summarising the o
Page 115 and 116: Inde rursus sollicitari seditione m
Page 117 and 118: In the other part of the field Paul
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Page 121 and 122: initially slow: segne primo (Livy,
Page 123 and 124: haud secus ac, fractae rector si fo
Page 125 and 126: πάληα δ᾽ ἦλ ηὰ πα
Page 127 and 128: followed by expiation rites as pres
Page 129 and 130: Silius Italicus uses omens to conne
Page 131 and 132: observe: „the differences between
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 5: Invading Campania, 217 a
Page 135 and 136: Besides the above advantages the wh
Page 137 and 138: Cum satis sciret per easdem angusti
Page 139 and 140: text is that everything is well org
Page 141 and 142: apida iam subdita peste virgulta at
Page 143 and 144: characteristic that Polybius notes
Page 145 and 146: ark, not surrendering until they re
Page 147 and 148: The people suddenly seized the Pref
Page 149 and 150: joining other senators with their f
Page 151 and 152: Silius Italicus, however, has the f
Page 153 and 154: Effects of Capuan luxury Hannibal d
Page 155 and 156: Nec Venerem interea fugit exoptabil
Page 157 and 158: compatriots from Spain, these deser
Page 159 and 160: Chapter 6: Hannibalis sat nomen era
Page 161 and 162: The claim was disputed in ancient t
Page 163 and 164: Livy stresses the importance of thi
Page 165: Fortune 360 will provide a means fo
Page 169 and 170: about the same time: Romam per eosd
Page 171 and 172: Mother (Livy, 29.10.4-5). After con
Page 173 and 174: to recall Hannibal. The description
Page 175 and 176: namque gravis curis carpit dum noct
Page 177 and 178: „Turn the ships‟ prows back tow
Page 179 and 180: Whether Rome or Carthage should giv
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Page 183 and 184: fingenti qua volt flectit (Livy, 30
Page 185 and 186: the gods by conducting it so well.
Page 187 and 188: Adesse finem belli ac laboris, in m
Page 189 and 190: does Scipio. Appian closes the scen
Page 191 and 192: other protagonists involved in a co
Page 193 and 194: arrangement of the text, Hannibal e
Page 195 and 196: Cum in apparando acerrime esset occ
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Page 201 and 202: Hannibal the Scapegoat and Warmonge
Page 203 and 204: shelter. Hannibal sailed out in the
Page 205 and 206: direct speech by Hannibal to Antioc
Page 207 and 208: Hannibal unus, cuius eo tempore vel
Page 209 and 210: Somewhat less credible is the detai
Page 211 and 212: Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisq
Page 213 and 214: Cornelius Nepos similarly depicts F
Page 215 and 216: The Sibyl predicts that Hannibal wi
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Missus Hannibal in Hispaniam primo
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By nature he was eager for action a
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Conclusions There are a number of c
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It is interesting to note that epis
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and pietas, with Polybius and Corne
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The fifth chapter compared treatmen
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Livy and Polybius who depict Hannib
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Figure 1: Kraay, Pl.112 No 332 Figu
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Figure 5: ‘Hannibal,’ Museo Arc
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Appendix 1: Omen lists for Cannae,
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Appendix 2: The importance of names
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attle; occasionally naming the comm
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It is with the final word at the cl
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Bibliography Ancient texts and tran
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Polybius, Histories V, translated b
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Barnes, W. R., 1995, „Silius Ital
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Dominik, W. J., 2003, „Hannibal a
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Hoyos, Dexter, 1999, „A modern vi
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Morgan, M. G., 1972, „Polybius an
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Seymour Forster, Edward, 1995, (tra
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