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Representations of Hannibal: A comparison of iconic themes and events from the life and times of Hannibal. A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The University of Auckland, 2009. i
Abstract There are many stories about Hannibal found across a variety of texts and genres. No other external enemy of Rome had the same impact on Roman literature over time as the Carthaginians and their extraordinary general, Hannibal. This thesis compares the presentations of some iconic themes and events associated with Hannibal, as well as some less well known features about him in order to examine how his significance changed over time in Roman culture. The comparisons made in this thesis focus primarily, but not exclusively, on literary features utilised by authors to promote (or downplay) particular events or people, such as the location of an event within the structure of a given text, the utilisation of omens or divine intervention, the patterning and content of speeches, the inclusion or exclusion of certain figures. The thesis aims to trace and compare ancient attitudes and responses to Hannibal, not to reinterpret the history of the Second Punic War or Hannibal‟s career. Roman attitudes toward Hannibal changed over time and ultimately became remarkably positive. Hannibal was, undoubtedly, a terrifying figure to Romans in the third century BC and a serious threat to Rome‟s suzerainty over Italy. Consequently, for many Romans, from at least the first century BC and possibly earlier, Hannibal embodied the archetype for a worthy enemy. His metamorphosis into the epitome of an eternal enemy is a representation which may, as this thesis suggests, have been in part self- promulgated. By the time of the late republic, it suited Roman writers such as Cornelius Nepos to write an astonishingly positive biography of Hannibal, acknowledging his skills as a commander and attributing to him a number of Roman virtues (Nepos, Hannibal, 1-13). Comparing the treatments of a historical subject between genres and over time is of historiographic interest for examining how ancient Roman and Greek authors adapted tradition to suit their particular reading of events. This thesis also argues for some interesting correspondences between what might be considered two quite different modes of presentation of the Second Punic War: Polybius‟ narrative history and the Flavian epic of Silius Italicus. Comparison of these texts with Livy, Cornelius Nepos and other works highlights both the dramatised nature of certain sections of Polybius‟ Histories, and the frequency with the Punica conveys in its narrative some well- informed interpretation and comment. ii
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Page 5 and 6: Table of Abbreviations Latin and Gr
Page 7 and 8: Hannibal almost duels with Aemilius
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements My first heartfelt
Page 11 and 12: to produce a historical study of th
Page 13 and 14: published in the Flavian period. Th
Page 15 and 16: offers a more plausible historical
Page 17 and 18: second century were entertained wit
Page 19 and 20: There is, of course, deep appreciat
Page 21 and 22: apt witticism by echoing Ovid on Ca
Page 23 and 24: features in their texts to prioriti
Page 25 and 26: among the greatest stumbling blocks
Page 27 and 28: historiographical tradition but may
Page 29 and 30: accompanying scenes of titillation,
Page 31 and 32: at the opening of this Introduction
Page 33 and 34: eferences are found within speeches
Page 35 and 36: Polybius states that Hamilcar Barca
Page 37 and 38: within the third decad by concludin
Page 39 and 40: her final imprecation that Carthage
Page 41 and 42: ack into mythical time. The Barca f
Page 43 and 44: haec inter iuncto religatus in ordi
Page 45 and 46: claims that Hannibal had avenged th
Page 47 and 48: previously beaten enemy, and that t
Page 49 and 50: the same family have held such a co
Page 51 and 52: Polybius and Livy. 130 Initially, S
Page 53 and 54:
Chapter 2: Hannibal appropriates He
Page 55 and 56:
ut iste volunt (Livy, 21.10.8). Mor
Page 57 and 58:
In the Phoenician or Carthaginian p
Page 59 and 60:
Presently the wondrous treasure bec
Page 61 and 62:
to Hamilcar; his preference is unex
Page 63 and 64:
tracks, disguising movements, layin
Page 65 and 66:
travelling from Spain to Italy). In
Page 67 and 68:
Progress is slow in the Punica beca
Page 69 and 70:
(Hist. 3.48.12). He debunks any pre
Page 71 and 72:
forces, 191 sending some to Spain (
Page 73 and 74:
These differences arise in part fro
Page 75 and 76:
Livy presents Rome‟s resistance t
Page 77 and 78:
Polybius, Livy and Silius Italicus
Page 79 and 80:
Multa secum quonam inde ire pergere
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inflicted on those captured by Hann
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significant roles in each of the ot
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In this quote Livy echoes Cato‟s
Page 87 and 88:
Representations of Hannibal threate
Page 89 and 90:
„debellata procul, quaecumque voc
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immediately following has turned to
Page 93 and 94:
ηαπ ηα δὲ πξ μαο δη
Page 95 and 96:
Where Livy‟s Hannibal gains a new
Page 97 and 98:
Livy‟s presentation allows for an
Page 99 and 100:
Trasimene than after Cannae. One un
Page 101 and 102:
They believed that, thanks to their
Page 103 and 104:
Pompey: „you are our last resort:
Page 105 and 106:
eference to Mithridates‟ courtier
Page 107 and 108:
epresentation is very indirect. It
Page 109 and 110:
have been better for Rome than vict
Page 111 and 112:
Representing Hannibal’s leadershi
Page 113 and 114:
Descriptive lists summarising the o
Page 115 and 116:
Inde rursus sollicitari seditione m
Page 117 and 118:
In the other part of the field Paul
Page 119 and 120:
death in battle added glory to the
Page 121 and 122:
initially slow: segne primo (Livy,
Page 123 and 124:
haud secus ac, fractae rector si fo
Page 125 and 126:
πάληα δ᾽ ἦλ ηὰ πα
Page 127 and 128:
followed by expiation rites as pres
Page 129 and 130:
Silius Italicus uses omens to conne
Page 131 and 132:
observe: „the differences between
Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 5: Invading Campania, 217 a
Page 135 and 136:
Besides the above advantages the wh
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Cum satis sciret per easdem angusti
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text is that everything is well org
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apida iam subdita peste virgulta at
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characteristic that Polybius notes
Page 145 and 146:
ark, not surrendering until they re
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The people suddenly seized the Pref
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joining other senators with their f
Page 151 and 152:
Silius Italicus, however, has the f
Page 153 and 154:
Effects of Capuan luxury Hannibal d
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Nec Venerem interea fugit exoptabil
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compatriots from Spain, these deser
Page 159 and 160:
Chapter 6: Hannibalis sat nomen era
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The claim was disputed in ancient t
Page 163 and 164:
Livy stresses the importance of thi
Page 165 and 166:
Fortune 360 will provide a means fo
Page 167 and 168:
political climate of Augustan Rome
Page 169 and 170:
about the same time: Romam per eosd
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Mother (Livy, 29.10.4-5). After con
Page 173 and 174:
to recall Hannibal. The description
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namque gravis curis carpit dum noct
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„Turn the ships‟ prows back tow
Page 179 and 180:
Whether Rome or Carthage should giv
Page 181 and 182:
ὄθξα θαὶ νὐθ ἐζέ
Page 183 and 184:
fingenti qua volt flectit (Livy, 30
Page 185 and 186:
the gods by conducting it so well.
Page 187 and 188:
Adesse finem belli ac laboris, in m
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does Scipio. Appian closes the scen
Page 191 and 192:
other protagonists involved in a co
Page 193 and 194:
arrangement of the text, Hannibal e
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Cum in apparando acerrime esset occ
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qui nunc servatas evertat funditas
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Livy‟s presentation of Hannibal i
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Hannibal the Scapegoat and Warmonge
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shelter. Hannibal sailed out in the
Page 205 and 206:
direct speech by Hannibal to Antioc
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Hannibal unus, cuius eo tempore vel
Page 209 and 210:
Somewhat less credible is the detai
Page 211 and 212:
Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisq
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Cornelius Nepos similarly depicts F
Page 215 and 216:
The Sibyl predicts that Hannibal wi
Page 217 and 218:
Missus Hannibal in Hispaniam primo
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By nature he was eager for action a
Page 221 and 222:
Conclusions There are a number of c
Page 223 and 224:
It is interesting to note that epis
Page 225 and 226:
and pietas, with Polybius and Corne
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The fifth chapter compared treatmen
Page 229 and 230:
Livy and Polybius who depict Hannib
Page 231 and 232:
Figure 1: Kraay, Pl.112 No 332 Figu
Page 233 and 234:
Figure 5: ‘Hannibal,’ Museo Arc
Page 235 and 236:
Appendix 1: Omen lists for Cannae,
Page 237 and 238:
Appendix 2: The importance of names
Page 239 and 240:
attle; occasionally naming the comm
Page 241 and 242:
It is with the final word at the cl
Page 243 and 244:
Bibliography Ancient texts and tran
Page 245 and 246:
Polybius, Histories V, translated b
Page 247 and 248:
Barnes, W. R., 1995, „Silius Ital
Page 249 and 250:
Dominik, W. J., 2003, „Hannibal a
Page 251 and 252:
Hoyos, Dexter, 1999, „A modern vi
Page 253 and 254:
Morgan, M. G., 1972, „Polybius an
Page 255 and 256:
Seymour Forster, Edward, 1995, (tra
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