A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a

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Offline Textbook | A Foundation Course in Reading German https://courses.dcs.wisc.edu/wp/readinggerman/print-entire-textbook/ Page 51 of 151 12/8/2017 Like all adverbs, and as with English adverbs, nicht modifies the sentence’s main verb unless it appears within a particular phrase, such as within a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, etc. Also, like in English, adverbs in German placed before a word or phrase are thereby given emphasis that they modify that following word or phrase. Thus you can generally rely on your English-language sensibilities to interpret the role of German adverbs. In German we do encounter a few uses of multiple, neighboring adverbs which we aren’t familiar with in English. When you do, keep the above word-order rule in mind. This can be particularly crucial with the adverb nicht when it precedes another adverb. Die Stadt fühlt sich nicht besonders für Radfahrer verantwortlich. The city does not feel particularly responsible for bicyclists. In the above example, nicht is placed to emphasize that it modifies besonders. That leaves the meaning "not particularly" as the adverbial modifier of "for bicyclists." Compare when the order of nicht and besonders is reversed, so that besonders now modifies nicht, which in turn modifies für Radfahrer: Die Stadt fühlt sich besonders nicht für Radfahrer verantwortlich. The city feels not responsible for bicyclists in particular. (Literally: "especially not for bicyclists," a phrase which would be clumsy in English in the context of this whole sentence.) In summary: Remember to first determine what an adverb is modifying, by using this word-order rule, before translating. Adverbs modify their following word or phrase, if there is one and if that’s possible. Otherwise, it modifies the main verb of the entire sentence. Unit: 5: Prepositions, reflexives 8. Noun Formation WORD FORMATION These sections of the textbook help improve your speed during the skimming phase of reading and help you gradually build vocabulary. Knowing how words are formed is most helpful in learning vocabulary and preparing yourself to be able to determine the meaning of new vocabulary. It is very useful to
Offline Textbook | A Foundation Course in Reading German https://courses.dcs.wisc.edu/wp/readinggerman/print-entire-textbook/ Page 52 of 151 12/8/2017 know that German forms nouns from verbs, from adjectives, and from adding suffixes to other nouns and adjectives among other ways. Study the following examples of word relationships, and as you work on translating the exercises in this book, look for possible connections between words. Check your guesses in the dictionary and list related words together for purposes of learning them more quickly. Remember, these are just some examples; there are thousands of words formed in these various ways. Noun – Verb Relationships Related to simple verbs: NOUN das Band (string / band) die Bindung (bond / binding) die Fahrt (drive / ride) die Reise (journey) der Spruch (saying) VERB binden binden fahren reisen sprechen Related to verbs with prefixes: NOUN die Abfahrt (departure) der Ausgang (exit) der Eingang (entrance der Gewinn (gain / winning) der Niedergang (decline) der Übergang (crossing) der Umgang (circuit) der Verstand (reason) der Widerstand (resistance) VERB abfahren ausgehen eingehen gewinnen niedergehen übergehen umgehen verstehen widerstehen Noun – Adjective Relationships
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A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a

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