A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a
A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a
A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a
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Offl<strong>in</strong>e Textbook | A <strong>Foundation</strong> <strong>Course</strong> <strong>in</strong> Read<strong>in</strong>g <strong>German</strong><br />
https://courses.dcs.wisc.edu/wp/read<strong>in</strong>ggerman/pr<strong>in</strong>t-entire-textbook/<br />
Page 70 of 151<br />
12/8/2017<br />
1. Past participles may also be used as adjectives, just as they can <strong>in</strong> English. You<br />
will usually not f<strong>in</strong>d these adjectives listed separately <strong>in</strong> your dictionary; you<br />
are responsible for recogniz<strong>in</strong>g them as participles function<strong>in</strong>g as adjectives,<br />
and for us<strong>in</strong>g the dictionary entry for the <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>itive form of the verb to look up<br />
their mean<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Das Fenster ist geschlossen.<br />
The w<strong>in</strong>dow is closed.<br />
e<strong>in</strong> gekochtes Ei<br />
a boiled egg<br />
The first example should not be confused with the present perfect tense. Keep<br />
<strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d that the verb schließen uses haben as a help<strong>in</strong>g verb, not se<strong>in</strong>, to form<br />
present perfect tense. S<strong>in</strong>ce it is grammatically (and sensibly) impossible to<br />
read this as a verb, it is apparently be<strong>in</strong>g used as an adjective; it tells you the<br />
condition of the w<strong>in</strong>dow, not what is happen<strong>in</strong>g to it.<br />
2. Past participles may also be used as adjectival nouns.<br />
As you learned <strong>in</strong> Unit 4, you can recognize adjectival nouns from their normal<br />
noun capitalization and syntax position, but with the addition of an appropriate<br />
adjective end<strong>in</strong>g. Thus, for example, <strong>in</strong> nom<strong>in</strong>ative case:<br />
das Geschriebene (from schreiben – to write)<br />
[literally:] the written / [usually:] that which was written / [or:] what was<br />
written<br />
das Gesagte (from sagen – to say)<br />
[literally:] the said / [usually:] that which was said / [or:] what was said<br />
In the next example, you should recognize nouns formed from the verbs<br />
fangen and sagen:<br />
Der Gefangene entnahm dem Gesagten, daß es spät war.<br />
The prisoner gathered from what was said that it was late.<br />
Unit: 7: Perfect tenses and participles<br />
5. Present Participles