A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a
A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a
A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a
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Offl<strong>in</strong>e Textbook | A <strong>Foundation</strong> <strong>Course</strong> <strong>in</strong> Read<strong>in</strong>g <strong>German</strong><br />
https://courses.dcs.wisc.edu/wp/read<strong>in</strong>ggerman/pr<strong>in</strong>t-entire-textbook/<br />
Page 68 of 151<br />
12/8/2017<br />
The position of the participle is a useful read<strong>in</strong>g cue that we don’t get to enjoy <strong>in</strong><br />
English. Everyth<strong>in</strong>g between the help<strong>in</strong>g verb and the participle is the predicate of<br />
that sentence or clause. Of course, <strong>in</strong> subord<strong>in</strong>ate clauses, as you learned <strong>in</strong> Unit 6,<br />
the auxiliary verb will appear at the very end of that clause, thus immediately after<br />
the participle.<br />
Nachdem sie <strong>in</strong> den Laden gegangen ist, ist sie gleich wieder<br />
herausgekommen.<br />
After she went <strong>in</strong>to the store, she came right back out aga<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Mean<strong>in</strong>g<br />
In <strong>German</strong>, unlike <strong>in</strong> English, the mean<strong>in</strong>g of present-perfect tense is not different<br />
than simple past tense. Accord<strong>in</strong>gly, it’s usually more naturally translated us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
English simple past tense: “Er hat gelernt.” > “He studied.” Other time<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation <strong>in</strong> the context of the text you are read<strong>in</strong>g will allow you to select the<br />
best tense to use for an English translation.<br />
Keep <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d that the term “present-perfect tense” is just a l<strong>in</strong>guistic term<br />
describ<strong>in</strong>g how this tense is built, not what it means. The term “present-perfect<br />
tense” merely describes the technique of us<strong>in</strong>g a present-tense help<strong>in</strong>g verb<br />
comb<strong>in</strong>ed with the ma<strong>in</strong> verb’s perfect (participle) form. You may f<strong>in</strong>d it useful to<br />
review your English grammar to become conscious of what exactly English presentperfect<br />
tense means.<br />
If an action is complete, i.e., “over and done with,” then use the English simple<br />
past tense:<br />
Österreich ist 1995 Mitglied der EU geworden.<br />
Austria became a member of the EU <strong>in</strong> 1995.<br />
Er ist e<strong>in</strong>e halbe Stunde Richtung Norden gefahren.<br />
He drove northwards for half an hour.<br />
Whereas if the action is still cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g from the past <strong>in</strong>to the present, then use<br />
English present-perfect tense:<br />
Österreich hat <strong>in</strong> diesem Jahr vorläufig mehr an das Ausland geliefert als<br />
vom Ausland angekauft.<br />
So far this year, Austria has shipped more to foreign countries than it has<br />
purchased from foreign countries.