A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a

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Offline Textbook | A Foundation Course in Reading German https://courses.dcs.wisc.edu/wp/readinggerman/print-entire-textbook/ Page 57 of 151 12/8/2017 als when (referring to past events) Als er in Deutschland war, sah er seinen Bruder. When he was in Germany, he saw his brother. Caution: this word also has uses as an adverb, in which case it behaves like a normal adverb: “than.” Example: besser als – “better than” “as.” Example: als Ingenieur – “as an engineer” als ob bis as if (see Unit 15 for examples) until Bis es regnet, bleibt es trocken. Until it rains, it will remain dry. da since (because) Ich gehe nicht ins Kino, da ich kein Geld habe. I don’t go to movies because I have no money. Caution: This word can also be used as an adverb (“there”) and is used in da-compounds where it means “it” (see Unit 12). Those uses appear with standard word order. damit so that Damit Sie das Examen bestehen, sollen Sie fleißig studieren. So that you pass the exam, you should study hard. Caution: Not to be confused with the da-compound meaning “with it” (see above). daß that Die Kinder wußten sehr wohl, daß Feuer gefährlich ist. The children knew very well that fire is dangerous.
Offline Textbook | A Foundation Course in Reading German https://courses.dcs.wisc.edu/wp/readinggerman/print-entire-textbook/ Page 58 of 151 12/8/2017 Note that the current German spelling of daß is dass, which you will see in 21st-century newspapers and other mass-media publications. Like English, German sometimes omits this very common conjunction. You can tell this has happened because then the word order of the subordinate clause appears in normal German statement order. And more helpfully than in English, such sentences in German will always use a comma to signal where one clause ends and the next one begins. For example: Ich glaube, ich kriege ein Fahrrad zum Geburtstag! I think I’m getting a bicycle for my birthday! Just for illustration, this is how the same sentence would look if the speaker bothered to use the daß conjunction: Ich glaube, daß ich ein Fahrrad zum Geburtstag kriege! bevor before Bevor es regnete, sahen wir Wolken. Before it rained we saw clouds. nachdem after Erst nachdem der Schnee schmilzt, sieht man Tulpen. Not until after the snow melts does one see tulips. ob whether / if (only used for true/false possibilities) Wir wissen nicht, ob er kommt. We don’t know if he’s coming. obwohl / obgleich although Obwohl zwei fertig waren, blieben noch drei in Arbeit. Although two were done, three were still being worked on. seitdem since (the time when) / ever since
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A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a

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