A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a

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Offline Textbook | A Foundation Course in Reading German https://courses.dcs.wisc.edu/wp/readinggerman/print-entire-textbook/ Page 87 of 151 12/8/2017 meaning, given that English lacks the clarity of that hyphen. You may need to write out each compound in English. Unit: 9: Passive voice 6. Pronoun es Referring to Clauses Both German and English sometimes use the neuter pronoun "it" or es without referring to any specific noun in the surrounding text, but German expands that usage beyond the needs of English. In particular, German will use es to refer to an entire clause, particularly as a way to tie together clauses within a complex sentence, and especially when German syntax "inconveniently" wants a verbal subject or object. In the next example, es is referring forward to the entire daß clause, as a way of satisfying the German desire to have a properly located direct object for the verb ansehen: Ich sehe es als unser Versagen an, daß diese alten Leute so arm sind. I see the fact that these old people are so poor as our failure. In the next sentence, es refers forward to the daß clause, so that the verb stören can have a grammatical subject, and to obey the German rule that the verb must be in second position (as covered in Unit 1, section 9): Es störte Ingrid, daß er sein Zimmer nicht zuerst aufräumte. It bothered Ingrid that he didn’t first tidy up his room. [or:] The fact that he didn’t first tidy up his room bothered Ingrid. How you translate such uses of es may vary: first you must understand its function in the German sentence, and that should guide you to an English expression of the same meaning. Unit: 9: Passive voice 7. More Prefixes and Suffixes WORD FORMATION These sections of the textbook help improve your speed during the skimming phase of reading and help you gradually build vocabulary.
Offline Textbook | A Foundation Course in Reading German https://courses.dcs.wisc.edu/wp/readinggerman/print-entire-textbook/ Page 88 of 151 12/8/2017 Adjectival Suffixes A large number of adjectives/adverbs can be quickly recognized as the addition of a certain suffix to a noun or to the root of a verb, like in English. Some of the most common such German suffixes are: –bar as in eßbar (edible), from essen (to eat); sichtbar (visible, seeable), from Sicht(sight) –haft as in lebhaft (lively), from leben (to live); zweifelhaft (doubtful) from Zweifel (doubt) –ig as in mächtig (mighty, powerful) from Macht (power); krustig (crusty) from Kruste (crust) –isch as in künstlerisch (artistic) from Künstler (artist); politisch (political) from Politik (politics); kindisch (childish) from Kind (child) –lich as in tödlich (deadly) from Tod (death) or kindlich (childlike) from Kind (child) –los as in endlos (endless) from Ende (end); erfolglos (unsuccessful, “successless”) from Erfolg (success) –reich as in erfolgreich (successful, “rich in success”) from Erfolg (success); ergebnisreich (fruitful, “rich in results”) from Ergebnis (result) –voll as in kraftvoll (powerful) from Kraft (power); geheimnisvoll (mysterious, “full of secret”) from Geheimnis (secret) The Noun Prefix Ge– Examples: Gebäck (baked goods) from backen (to bake) Gebirge (mountain chain) from Berg (mountain) Gedanke (thought) from denken (to think) Gepäck (luggage) from packen (to pack) Gespräch (conversation) from sprechen (to speak) This prefix gives a collective sense to a word root.
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A Foundation Course in Reading German, 2017a

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