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228 Notes 8. Edward L. Glaeser, “ Start- Up City,” City Journal, Autumn 2010. www .city- journal.org/2010/20_4 _urban- entrepreneurship.html. 9. Kelly Edmiston, “The Role of Small Business and Large Business in Economic Development.” 10. Martin A. Sullivan, “U.S. Multinationals Cut U.S. Jobs While Expanding Abroad,” Sept. 13, 2010. http://taxprof.typepad.com/ files/128tn1102.pdf; Pallavi Gogoi, “Job Market Booming Overseas for Many American Companies,” Huffington Post, Dec. 28, 2010. www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/28/ job- market-booming-overseas_n_801839.html. 11. “Bailout May Cost $23.7 Trillion, Barofsky,” Huffington Post, July 20, 2009. www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/07/20/ bailout- may-cost-237tril_n_241512.html. 12. Damian Paletta, “Fight Over Consumer Agency Looms as Overhaul Is Signed,” Wall Street Journal, July 22, 2010. http://online.wsj.com/ article/SB10001424052748704746804575367502836650966.html 13. Steve Lohr, “Small Business: Job Role Highlighted,” New York Times, Jan. 18, 1980. select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA061FFF3B5A1 2728DDDA10994D9405B8084F1D3. 14. “The Cost of Winning an Election, 1986–2008,” an analysis by the Brookings Institution, can be found on The Campaign Finance Institute Web site at www.cfinst.org/data/HistoricalStats.aspx. 15. Fred Wainwright, Center for Private Equity and Entrepreneurship, Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth, Case # 5-0001, Jan. 10, 2005. 16. Q3 2010 Money Tree Report, PricewaterhouseCoopers and the National Venture Capital Association. 17. “UNH Center for Venture Research: Angel Investors Flee Seed and Start- Up Stage in First Half of 2010,” Oct. 26, 2010, www.unh.edu/ news/cj_nr/2010/oct/lw26market.cfm. 18. John K. Paglia, Private Capital Markets Project, Pepperdine University, Survey Report, Aug. 2009. 19. www.antiventurecapital.com/cboffer.html. 20. Catherine Clifford, “Bernanke: $40B in Small Biz Loans Disappears,” CNNMoney.com, July 12, 2010 http://money.cnn.com/2010/07/12/ smallbusiness/small_business_credit_crunch/index.htm. 21. Nick Bunkley, “Fed Chief Urges Banks to Do More for Small Business,” New York Times, June 3, 2010. www.nytimes.com/2010/ 06/04/business/economy/04fed.html. 22. Conor Dougherty and Luca Di Leo, “Banks Ease Loan Standards, but Crunch Isn’t Over,” Wall Street Journal, Nov. 9, 2010. 23. Catherine Clifford, “Banks Pull Another $1 Billion from Small Business Lending,” CNN Money, Jan. 18, 2010. money.cnn.com/2010/ 01/18/smallbusiness/small_business_lending_drop/. 24. National Small Business Association (NSBA), 2009 Year- End Report. www.nsba.biz/surveys.shtml.
25. John K. Paglia, “2011 Economic Forecast,” Private Capital Markets Project, Pepperdine University, Jan. 12, 2011. 26. Stacy Mitchell, “Taking Financial Reform into Our Own Hands,” Huffington Post, July 14, 2010. www.huffintonpost.com/stacy-mitchell/ talking- financial-reform-1_b_645587.html. 27. Institute for Local Self Reliance Community Banking Initiative www. newrules.org/news/ charts- small- banks- small-business-lending. 28. Steven G. Craig and Pauline Hardee, University of Houston, “The Impact of Bank Consolidation on Small Business Credit Availability,” Journal of Banking and Finance, April 2007, Volume 31, Issue 4. 29. IPOs counts vary, depending on who is doing the counting. This stat comes from David Weild and Edward Kim, “Market Structure Is Causing the IPO Crisis—and More,” Grant Thornton Capital Market Series, June 2010. www.grantthornton.com/portal/site/gtcom/ menuitem.91c078ed5c0ef4ca80cd8710033841ca/?vgnextoid=5bbe 3429935bd110VgnVCM1000003a8314acRCRD. Other sources put the number of 2009 IPOs at 69. 30. Another cost is regulatory compliance, notably with Sarbanes- Oxley and its Section 404 requiring extensive internal company audits. The Dodd- Frank bill exempts companies with a market capitalization of less than $75 million from that requirement, but there are calls to raise the threshold further. 31. David Weild and Edward Kim, “Market Structure Is Causing the IPO Crisis—and More,” Capital Market Series, Grant Thornton LLP, June 2010. 32. Ibid. 33. Calculated with data supplied by the NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. 34. Report of the Advisory Committee on the Capital Formation and Regulatory Process, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, July 24, 1996. www.sec.gov/news/studies/capform.htm. 35. “B2B Finance: Credit Crunch Creates Opportunities for Large Corporations, Poses Policy Challenges,” March 2010, Morgan Stanley. 36. Shuman arrives at $26 trillion by adding up the assets and liabilities held by households and nonprofits in 2009, including corporate equities, corporate bonds, mutual funds, pension fund reserves, and life insurance reserves, as detailed in the Fed’s Flow of Funds data. By definition, these asset classes consist of publicly traded corporate equity and corporate bonds. See www.federalreserve .gov/RELEASES/z1/Current/z1.pdf. Chapter 2 Notes 229 1. “Social networks of investors, mill managers, and mechanics raised the likelihood that new forms of textile production for the mass market would emerge in New England,” explains David R. Meyer in his book The Roots of American Industrialization, John Hopkins University Press, 2003.
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Locavesting THE REVOLUTION IN LOCAL
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For my Mother
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vi Contents Chapter 7 A Model to LI
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viii Preface The moment was ripe wi
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x Preface Cooperatives—businesses
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xii Preface Chapters 7 through 13 e
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Introduction Cereal Milk for the Go
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iconic glass bottles are also sold
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Introduction xix funds from the pub
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1 C H A P T E R Motherhood, Apple P
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Motherhood, Apple Pie, and Politica
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20 Locavesting freewheeling markets
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22 Locavesting A fl urry of legisla
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24 Locavesting put up a sign at a f
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26 Locavesting of the late 1980s) h
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28 Locavesting three of those banks
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30 Locavesting A Return to Value As
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32 Locavesting produced in their re
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34 Locavesting pickles to gin and k
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36 Locavesting is a hot marketplace
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38 Locavesting recognition that the
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40 Locavesting A Grassroots Movemen
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42 Locavesting to dodge their fair
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44 Locavesting Americans know most
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46 Locavesting It’s a powerful qu
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48 Locavesting three employees but
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50 Locavesting to keep in our lives
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52 Locavesting and they can draw on
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54 Locavesting Since 2006, Walmart
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56 Locavesting and political organi
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58 Locavesting havens. Google, the
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60 Locavesting Some of the measures
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II P A R T Experiments in Citizen F
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66 Locavesting As an editorial in V
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68 Locavesting The community bank b
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70 Locavesting their homes to forec
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72 Locavesting And you don’t have
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74 Locavesting As depositors, we’
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76 Locavesting The Washington Inves
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78 Locavesting The Bottom Line: A n
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80 Locavesting her daughter was enr
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82 Locavesting whom traditional fi
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84 Locavesting Taking the Middle Pa
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86 Locavesting Angel investors poli
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88 Locavesting quickly write off no
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90 Locavesting of $1,000. The notes
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92 Locavesting funds that absorb an
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94 Locavesting • Many CDFIs do no
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96 Locavesting In a twist of fate,
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98 Locavesting private electric com
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100 Locavesting “The numbers were
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102 Locavesting offering. “In a c
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8 C H A P T E R Community Capital I
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Community Capital 107 For all the j
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Community Capital 109 So it is espe
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Community Capital 111 what she did
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Community Capital 113 three young e
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Community Capital 115 triples every
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Community Capital 117 investment is
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Community Capital 119 Farmers Diner
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Community Capital 121 That’s wher
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Game Plan for Locavestors Community
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9 C H A P T E R Pennies from Many W
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Crowdfunding Pennies from Many 127
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Pennies from Many 129 a 27- year- o
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Pennies from Many 131 It’s a win-
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Pennies from Many 133 the company w
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Pennies from Many 135 there’s a g
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Pennies from Many 137 loans. 9 With
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Pennies from Many 139 UK regulators
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Pennies from Many 141 to make the m
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Pennies from Many 143 business—co
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Pennies from Many 145 “Crowdfundi
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10 C H A P T E R Slow Money Finance
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Slow Money 149 like the nearly 8,00
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Slow Money 151 Slow Money, however,
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Slow Money 153 terms that are destr
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Slow Money 155 that overrode that i
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Slow Money 157 Zentay put together
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11 C H A P T E R From Brown Rice to
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From Brown Rice to Biofuels 161 rep
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From Brown Rice to Biofuels 163 Mem
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From Brown Rice to Biofuels 165 $75
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From Brown Rice to Biofuels 167 Wes
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From Brown Rice to Biofuels 169 Inv
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From Brown Rice to Biofuels 171 One
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From Brown Rice to Biofuels 173 tha
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From Brown Rice to Biofuels 175 are
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Page 222 and 223: 200 Locavesting The exchanges were
Page 224 and 225: 202 Locavesting time, they became m
Page 226 and 227: 204 Locavesting Scott Gehsmann, cap
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Page 232 and 233: 210 Locavesting been there, he says
Page 234 and 235: 212 Locavesting Schmid would love t
Page 236 and 237: 214 Locavesting their money in some
Page 238 and 239: 216 Locavesting are looking to crea
Page 240 and 241: 218 Locavesting Van Patten, a triat
Page 242 and 243: 220 Locavesting Game Plan for Locav
Page 244 and 245: 222 Conclusion small investments. T
Page 246 and 247: 224 Conclusion investors. “Normal
Page 249: Unless otherwise noted, all quotes
Page 253 and 254: 16. Binyamin Appelbaum, “Investor
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Page 266 and 267: 244 Acknowledgments Dan Keeler, and
Page 268 and 269: 246 Index CDFI. See Community Devel
Page 270 and 271: 248 Index H Hamilton, John, 84-86 H
Page 272 and 273: 250 Index Newman, Paul, 150 Niman R
Page 274: 252 Index taxes, on Internet sales,
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