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LATVIJAS UNIVERSITÂTES RAKSTI. 2004. 666. sçj.: LITERATÛRZINÂTNE, FOLKLORISTIKA, MÂKSLA, 188.–193. lpp. Daþas paralçles Hermaòa Zûdermaòa un Rûdolfa Blaumaòa daiïradç A Few Parallels between Hermann Sudermann’s Works and the Writings of Rûdolfs Blaumanis Ieva Kalniòa (Latvija) Latvijas Universitâtes Filoloìijas fakultâtes Latvieðu literatûras nodaïa Visvalþa iela 4a, Rîga, LV 1011, e–pasts: aksella@ latnet.lv Vâcu rakstnieks Hermanis Zûdermanis (1857–1928) ir latvieðu rakstnieka Rûdolfa Blaumaòa (1863–1908) laikabiedrs. Hermaòa Zûdermaòa darbi ir atstâjuði zinâmu iespaidu reâlisma attîstîbâ latvieðu literatûrâ. Zûdermaòa lugu iespaids ir jûtams arî Rûdolfa Blaumaòa darbos. Rûdolfs Blaumanis labi pazina vâcu dramaturìiju. Lai gan par izcilâko vâcu dramaturgu Rûdolfs Blaumanis uzskatîja Gerhartu Hauptmani, viòð tomçr augstu vçrtçja arî Hermaòa Zûdermaòa darbus. Atslçgvârdi: Zûdermanis, Blaumanis, dramaturìija. Latvieðu rakstnieks – noveles un drâmas þanru un reâlisma kâ virziena iedibinâtâjs latvieðu literatûrâ – Rûdolfs Blaumanis (1863–1908) un vâcu rakstnieks Hermanis Zûdermanis (Hermann Sudermann (1857–1928)) ir laikabiedri un dramaturìijâ ienâk gandrîz vienlaikus. 1890. gadâ publicçta H. Zûdermaòa drâma “Gods” un R. Blaumaòa komçdija “Zagïi”. H. Zûdermanis ir viens no visvairâk tulkotajiem vâcu autoriem latvieðu literatûrâ, îpaði populâri lasîtâju vidû ir viòa români: româns “Kaíu laipa” latvieðu valodâ izdots piecas reizes. Iznâkuði arî H. Zûdermaòa Kopoti raksti 16 sçjumos. 19. gadsimta 90. gados H. Zûdermaòa drâmas “Gods” un Aspazijas drâmas “Zaudçtas tiesîbas” iestudçjumi Rîgas Latvieðu teâtrî izraisîja vienu no lielâkajâm diskusijâm latvieðu kultûras vçsturç, kuru centrâ ir reâlisma attîstîbas un sievietes emancipâcijas jautâjumi. 1 Latvieðu literatûras vçstures pçtîjumos pieminçta arî H. Zûdermaòa darbu ietekme reâlisma attîstîbâ latvieðu literatûrâ, îpaði to sociâlkritiskâ ievirze. 2 Mazâk latvieðu literatûras vçstures pçtîjumos ir skatîtas R. Blaumaòa un H. Zûdermaòa daiïrades paralçles, arî vâcu dramaturga lugu ietekme R. Blaumaòa darbos. 3 R. Blaumanis labi pârzinâja sava laika vâcu dramaturìiju un par nozîmîgâko personîbu tajâ uzskatîja Gerhartu Hauptmani, bet R. Blaumaòa darbos sastopams arî atzinîgs H.Zûdermaòa vçrtçjums: “Patieðâm, Zûdermaòam ir viss, kâ îstam dramatiíim vajaga: skaidrs skats priekð dramatiskiem pretekïim, dzidrs stils, kas nekur par daudz neizplûst, gars, atjauta un tâds ugunîgs spars, kas klausîtâju beztrûcîgi aizraun lîdz.” 4
Ieva Kalniòa. Daþas paralçles Hermaòa Zûdermaòa un Rûdolfa Blaumaòa daiïradç 189 Gan R. Blaumaòa, gan H. Zûdermaòa skolotâji drâmas laukâ bija franèu “labi taisîto lugu” autori (E. Skribs, V. Sardû, A. Dimâ dçls u.c.). R. Blaumani saista H. Zûdermaòa darbu skatuviskums, labi organizçtâ, grodâ dramatiskâ darbîba. Arî viòu paðu latvieðu dramaturìijas vçsturç uzskata par labâko drâmas uzbûves meistaru. 1893. gadâ R. Blaumanis H. Zûdermaòa drâmas “Gods” varoni grâfu Trastu min kâ vienu no saviem mîïâkajiem literârajiem varoòiem: “Tavi mîïâkie raksturi dzejâ? Sidnejs Kartons (Dikensa “Divas pilsçtas”). Hamlets. Grâfs Trasts (Zûdermaòa “Gods”).” 5 H. Zûdermaòa grâfa Trasta galvenâs morâles vçrtîbas ir pienâkuma apziòa, cçlsirdîba, goda izjûta. Goda jçdziens ir nozîmîgs R. Blaumaòa drâmâ “Pazuduðais dçls” (1893). Savukârt gan personiskajâs attiecîbâs, gan kâ savu lugu personu (vecais un jaunais Indrâns, Roplainis, Kristîne u.c.) rakstura îpaðîbu R. Blaumanis augstu vçrtçja pienâkuma izjûtu. Dzîvç tâ kavçja viòa rakstnieka darbu, radîja nemitîgu spriedzi starp vçlmi rakstît un lauku mâju rentnieka darbu, starp rûpçm par mâti un saimi un radoðu brîvîbu, starp aizòemtîbu laikrakstu redakcijâs un iespçju rakstît. Grâfam Trastam H. Zûdermaòa lugâ izdodas labâk iemiesot savas krietnâs îpaðîbas, kârtojot lugas personu dzîvi nekâ R. Blaumanim attiecîbâs ar citiem cilvçkiem un sevi paðu. Grâfa Trasta dzîves un rakstura atveids redzams R. Blaumaòa drâmâ “Potivâra nams”(1897). Ar ðo drâmu R. Blaumanis cerçja kïût pazîstams ârpus latvieðu lasîtâju un skatîtâju vidus, râdot “modernâs” Eiropas problçmas. Lugai “Potivâra nams” ir lîdzîba ar Bîbeles pirmâs Mozus grâmatas stâstu par Jâzepu, kuru Çìiptç netaisni apsûdz kunga jaunâs sievas paveðanâ. Lugâ 19. gadsimta namâ pavecâ saimnieka jaunâ sieva apvaino vîra audþudçlu Jozefu seksuâlâ uzmâcîbâ. R. Blaumanis lugâ ir atteicies no sev ierastâs zemnieku dzîves attçloðanas un iedziïinâðanâs cilvçku psiholoìiskajos pârdzîvojumos. Acîmredzot H. Zûdermanis, viens no tâ laika ievçrojamâkajiem un modernâkajiem dramaturgiem, viòam bija ceïa râdîtâjs gan jaunu tçmu apguvç, gan tçlu izveidç. R. Blaumaòa lugâ darbojas absolûti cçls varonis Ringolts, tikpat shematiski konstruçts kâ grâfs Trasts H. Zûdermaòa lugâ. Gan grâfs Trasts, gan Ringolds ir pârraduðies dzimtenç ârkârtîgi bagâti no aizokeâna zemçm, abi jaunîbâ bijuði uzdzîvotâji, abi cçlsirdîgi rûpçjas par jaunu cilvçku materiâlo un sirds labklâjîbu, abi jau pirmajâ dienâ atklâj jaunu, it kâ godîgu, skaistu sievieðu dziïo samaitâtîbu, tâs mçìinot pavest, abi filozofç par personîbas brîvîbu, lugu beigâs abi atstâj dzimteni. Ringolta tçls ir grâfa Trasta tçla atdarinâjums, R. Blaumanis ðo paòçmienu izmanto, lai tuvinâtos sava laika vâcu literatûrai, lai viòa darbi kïûtu lîdzîgâki Eiropas dramaturìijai. Abi tçli ir arî modifikâcijas gadsimta mijâ populârajam Fr. Nîèes stiprâs gribas cilvçka – pârcilvçka – tçlam. 1898. gadâ R. Blaumanis publicç vienu no savâm ievçrojamâkajâm novelçm “Purva bridçjs”, þurnâla “Mâjas Viesa Mçneðraksts” stâstu konkursâ tâ bija ieguvusi pirmo vietu. Noveli bija izlasîjis arî Rainis, un viòð vçstulç “Mâjas Viesa Mçneðraksta” redaktoram P. Zâlîtim (vçstule nav saglabâjusies) aizrâdîja, ka R. Blaumanis galvenos tçlus – Edgaru un Kristîni – aizguvis no H. Zûdermaòa lugas “Laime nomalç” (“Das Glück im Winkel”). R. Blaumanis pçc Raiòa vçstules izlasîðanas raksta atbildi, kurâ uzsver: “Ðis Pçteris (Edgara prototips) ir viens no tiem cilvçkiem, kuri man dzîvç vismîïâki bijuði. Tik dzîvi, cik spçdams, es viòu aprakstîju
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LU Akadçmiskais apgâds Baznîcas
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