Design and Simulation of Two Stroke Engines

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Table of Contents 6.1.3 The effect of changes of specific time area in achainsaw 426 6.2 Some practical considerations in the design process 431 6.2.1 The acquisition of the basic engine dimensions 431 6.2.2 The width criteria for the porting 432 6.2.3 The port timing criteria for the engine 434 6.2.4 Empiricism in general 434 6.2.5 The selection of the exhaust system dimensions 435 6.2.6 Concluding remarks on data selection 445 6.3 Empirical design of reed valves for two-stroke engines 446 6.3.1 The empirical design of reed valve induction systems 447 6.3.2 The use of specific time area information in reed valve design 450 6.3.3 The design process programmed into a package, Prog.6.4 454 6.3.4 Concluding remarks on reed valve design 455 6.4 Empirical design of disc valves for two-stroke engines 456 6.4.1 Specific time area analysis of disc valve systems 456 6.4.2 A computer solution for disc valve design, Prog.6.5 459 6.5 Concluding remarks 460 References for Chapter 6 461 Chapter 7 Reduction of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions 463 7.0 Introduction 463 7.1 Some fundamentals of combustion and emissions 465 7.1.1 Homogeneous and stratified combustion and charging 466 7.2 The simple two-stroke engine 469 7.2.1 Typical performance characteristics of simple engines 471 7.2.1.1 Measured performance data from QUB 400 research engine 472 7.2.1.2 Typical performance maps for simple two-stroke engines 476 7.3 Optimizing fuel economy and emissions for the simple two-stroke engine 483 7.3.1 The effect of scavenging on performance and emissions 484 7.3.2 The effect of air-fuel ratio 486 7.3.3 The effect of optimization at a reduced delivery ratio 486 7.3.4 The optimization of combustion 490 7.3.5 Conclusions regarding the simple two-stroke engine 492 7.4 The more complex two-stroke engine 494 7.4.1 Stratified charging with homogeneous combustion 497 7.4.2 Homogeneous charging with stratified combustion 512 7.5 Compression-ignition engines 531 7.6 Concluding comments 531 References for Chapter 7 532 xvn
Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke Engines Appendix A7.1 The effect of compression ratio on performance characteristics and exhaust emissions 536 Chapter 8 Reduction of Noise Emission from Two-Stroke Engines 541 8.0 Introduction 541 8.1 Noise 541 8.1.1 Transmission of sound 542 8.1.2 Intensity and loudness of sound 542 8.1.3 Loudness when there are several sources of sound 544 8.1.4 Measurement of noise and the noise-frequency spectrum 545 8.2 Noise sources in a simple two-stroke engine 546 8.3 Silencing the exhaust and inlet system 547 8.4 Some fundamentals of silencer design 548 8.4.1 The theoretical work of Coates 548 8.4.2 The experimental work of Coates 550 8.4.3 Future work for the prediction of silencer behavior 554 8.5 Acoustic theory for silencer attenuation characteristics 555 8.5.1 The diffusing type of exhaust silencer 555 8.5.2 The side-resonant type of exhaust silencer 560 8.5.3 The absorption type of exhaust silencer 563 8.5.4 The laminar flow exhaust silencer 565 8.5.5 Silencing the intake system 567 8.5.6 Engine simulation to include the noise characteristics 570 8.5.7 Shaping the ports to reduce high-frequency noise 577 8.6 Silencing the tuned exhaust system 579 8.6.1 A design for a silenced expansion chamber exhaust system 580 8.7 Concluding remarks on noise reduction 583 References for Chapter 8 584 Postscript 587 Appendix Listing of Computer Programs 589 Index. 591 XVlll
Page 2 and 3: Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke
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Page 8 and 9: Acknowledgments As explained in the
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Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke
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Design and Simulation ofTwo-Stroke
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Design and Simulation ofTwo'Stroke
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Chapter 4 Combustion in Two-Stroke
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Chapter 4 - Combustion in Two-Strok
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a stratilpl o tions to ivior. If m
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Combustion in compression-ignition
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stroke ari more often lseful lental
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lat the ssi ;tribu- ELEVATION VIEWS
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CYLINDER HEAD TYPE IS CENTRAL BORE,
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CURRENT INPUT DATA FOR 2-STROKE 'SP
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vfitro- ;titi >tants 1970. i(In- Ch
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£2 = Pi P2 I Pi J Chapter 4 - Comb
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CHAINSAW AT 9600 rpm. Chapter 4- Co
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Chapter 7 Reduction of Fuel Consump
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Chapter 7 • Reduction of Fuel Con
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Chapter 7 - Reduction of Fuel Consu
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§ 2000
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y, ,6 Chapter 7 - Reduction of Fuel
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Chapter 7- Reduction of Fuel Consum
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Chapter 8 Reduction of Noise Emissi
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Chapter 8 • Reduction of Noise Em
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Chapter 8 - Reduction of Noise Emis
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1 Chapter 8 - Reduction of Noise Em
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• • / . • Appendix Listing of
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Active radical (AR) combustion and
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initial conditions, assumptions reg
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in two-stroke engine (schematic dia
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exhaust timing control valve, effec
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I Exhaust emissions/exhaust gas ana
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Exhaust systems (continued) untuned
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gas constant/universal gas constant
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in crankcase heat transfer analysis
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Mercury Marine air-assisted fuel in
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I PISTON POSITION (computer program
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Pressure wave reflection (in pipes)
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local acoustic velocity, 60 local M
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Roots blower in turbocharged/superc
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Scavenging (continued) scavenging e
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Simulation, engine See Computer mod
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temperature vs. crankshaft angle (c
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work per thermodynamic (Otto) cycle
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Design and Simulation of Two Stroke Engines

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