Design and Simulation of Two Stroke Engines

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CHAINSAW AT 9600 rpm. Chapter 4- Combustion in Two-Stroke Engines MEASURED / 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 EQUIVALENCE RATIO, X Fig. A4.4 Comparison of measured and calculated NO emissions. characteristics is found in Sec. 5.5.1; there also is a description of this engine, its physical construction and its geometrical data. Further examples of measured bsNOx data for a quite different engine, which have similar profiles with respect to fueling, are to be found in Figs. 7.55 and 7.59. The formation of nitric oxide, NO, is time related, as evidenced by Eq. A4.1.14. This is shown clearly by the results of the simulation of the chainsaw engine in Fig. A4.5. The highest rates of formation are at the air-to-fuel ratios of 14 and 15, which bracket the stoichiomet- CHAINSAW ENGINE AT 9600 RPM AFR=14 T ' 1 • r 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 CRANKSHAFT ANGLE Fig. A4.5 Nitrogen oxide emission growth rate with respect to fueling. 351
Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke Engines ric value. Although it is not clearly visible on the printed figures, there is a small decrease in NO formation at the tail end of most of the line graphs, indicating that the rates of formation operate in both directions. The time-related equilibrium and dissociation behavior As discussed in Appendix A4.1, it is necesssary to solve simultaneously the dissociation reactions for CO/CO2 and the "water-gas" reaction. The results of such a computation have great relevance, not only for the NO formation model discussed above, but also for the exhaust gas properties presented in Sec. 2.1.6. The time-related cylinder gas properties expand on the information which emanates from the employment of the relatively simple chemistry found at the start of Sec. 4.3.2. Exhaust gas is ultimately the very same gas that occupies the bum zone at the point of exhaust opening, for by that time the combustion period is over and the "bum zone" covers the entire volume of the cylinder at that juncture. The same simulation of the chainsaw, which has provided the data for Figs. A4.2 to A4.5, is queried further to yield the time-histories of the mass concentrations of some of the gases within the bum zone. These are extracted from the simulation of the chainsaw at 9600 rpm and plotted in Figs. A4.6 to A4.9. The simulation, identical in every respect to that employed earlier in this Appendix, is conducted for the "standard" chainsaw input data at air-to-fuel ratios from 12 to 16 on unleaded gasoline. Oxygen and its effect on NO formation From the specific standpoint of the discussion above on the formation of nitric oxide, Fig. A4.8 is the most relevant. It is the mass concentration of oxygen, together with the nitrogen, which yields the nitric oxide. At equal bum zone temperatures and total mass, the rate of 0.06 i LU Z 0.05 O N jf 0.04 - ID CO Z 0.03 • O 0.02 - Chainsaw engine at 9600 rpm AFR13 \ AFR14 CARBON MONOXIDE, CO CO CD AFR < 0.01 4 0.00 AFR 16 niinilinm / m 1111111111 ^11 L—,—,—,—, -50 0 50 100 150 CRANKSHAFT ANGLE, e atdc Fig. A4.6 Mass ratio of carbon monoxide in cylinder burn zone. 352
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Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke
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A Second Mulled Toast When as a stu
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Acknowledgments As explained in the
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Table of Contents Nomenclature xv C
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Table of Contents 2.10.1 Flow at pi
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Table of Contents 3.5.3.1 The use o
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Table of Contents 6.1.3 The effect
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Nomenclature NAME SYMBOL UNIT (SI)
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speed of rotation speed of rotation
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attenuation or transmission loss wa
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Design and Simulation ofTwo-Stroke
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Design and Simulation ofTwo'Stroke
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Chapter 4 Combustion in Two-Stroke
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Chapter 4 - Combustion in Two-Strok
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a stratilpl o tions to ivior. If m
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CD 30 -, W 20 - LU CO iS _J LU OC 1
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Page 342 and 343: Combustion in compression-ignition
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Chapter 7 Reduction of Fuel Consump
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Chapter 7 • Reduction of Fuel Con
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Chapter 7 - Reduction of Fuel Consu
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^ s C£ Q 2^ E Q. Q_ z' o ISSI HCEM
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o > z~ Q w CO UJ w g x O z o z o m
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0.35 • 0.34 LU ° 0.33 - c 03 DC
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§ 2000
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y, ,6 Chapter 7 - Reduction of Fuel
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Chapter 7- Reduction of Fuel Consum
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INLET FOR r AIR AND FUEL Chapter 7
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o Q_ Ld < CD 15-, 10- Chapter 7 - R
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Chapter 8 Reduction of Noise Emissi
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Chapter 8 • Reduction of Noise Em
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Chapter 8 - Reduction of Noise Emis
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1 Chapter 8 - Reduction of Noise Em
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• • / . • Appendix Listing of
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Active radical (AR) combustion and
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initial conditions, assumptions reg
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in two-stroke engine (schematic dia
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exhaust timing control valve, effec
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I Exhaust emissions/exhaust gas ana
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Exhaust systems (continued) untuned
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gas constant/universal gas constant
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in crankcase heat transfer analysis
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Mercury Marine air-assisted fuel in
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I PISTON POSITION (computer program
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local acoustic velocity, 60 local M
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Simulation, engine See Computer mod
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temperature vs. crankshaft angle (c
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work per thermodynamic (Otto) cycle
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Design and Simulation of Two Stroke Engines

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