Design and Simulation of Two Stroke Engines

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Chapter 7 - Reduction of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions 1.46 G.K. Fraidl, R. Knoll, H.P. Hazeu, "Direkte Gemischeinblasung am 2-Takt-Ottomotor," VDI Bericht, Dresden, 1993. 7.47 R.G. Kenny, R.J. Kee, C.E. Carson, G.P. Blair, "Application of Direct Air-Assisted Fuel Injection System to a SI Cross Scavenged Two-Stroke Engine," SAE Paper No. 932396, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1993. 7.48 G. Monnier, P. Duret, "IAPAC Compressed Air-Assisted Fuel Injection for High Efficiency, Low Emissions, Marine Outboard Two-Stroke Engines," SAE Paper No. 911849, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1991. 7.49 K-J. Yoon, W-T. Kim, H-S. Shim, G-W. Moon, "An Experimental Comparison between Air-Assisted Injection and High-Pressure Injection System at Two-Stroke Engine," SAE Paper No. 950270, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1995. 7.50 Y. Ikeda, T. Nakajima, N. Kurihara, "Spray Formation of Air-Assist Injection for Two-Stroke Engine," SAE Paper No. 950271, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1995. 7.51 M. Nuti, R. Pardini, "A New Simplified Carburetor for Small Engines," SAE Paper No. 950272, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1995. 7.52 P. Duret, G. Monnier, "Low Emissions IAPAC Fuel-Injected Two-Stroke Engines for Two-Wheelers," Funfe Grazer Zweiradtagung, Technische Universitat, Graz, Austria, 12-23 April, 1993. 7.53 C. Stan, "Concepts for the Development of Two-Stroke Engines," SAE Paper No. 931477, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1993. 7.54 W. Heimberg, "Ficht Pressure Surge Injection System," ATA Paper No. 93A079, ATA-SAE Small Engine Technology Conference, Pisa, 1-3 December 1993, SAE Paper No. 931502. 7.55 J.F. Sinnamon, D.R. Lancaster, J.R. Steiner, "An Experimental and Analytical Study of Engine Fuel Spray Technologies," SAE Paper No. 800135, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1980. 7.56 Automotive Handbook. U. Adler (Ed.), Robert Bosch, Stuttgart, 18th Edition, 1989, ISBN 0-89883-510-0. 7.57 G.T. Kalghatgi, P. Snowdon, C.R. McDonald, "Studies of Knock in a Spark-Ignition Engine with 'CARS' Temperature Measurements and Using Different Fuels," SAE Paper No. 950690, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1995. 535
Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke Engines Appendix A7.1 The effect of compression ratio on performance characteristics and exhaust emissions Appendices A4.1 and A4.2 describe a two-zone combustion model, with equilibrium thermodynamics giving dissociation for the burn zone constituents and a formation model for nitric oxide based on reaction kinetics. This model is sufficiently fundamentally based as to be able to calculate the local thermodynamic conditions during combustion and, when combined with a GPB simulation of the open cycle behavior of an engine and its ducting, is able to provide design guidance for the effect of compression ratio on the engine performance characteristics of power output, fuel consumption, the intake and exhaust noise emissions, and the gaseous exhaust emissions. In short, as mentioned at the beginning of Sec. 7.3.3, a full debate can be conducted on the design compromises which inevitably have to be made for any given engine to satisfy the market and legislative requirements for it. The engine used as the design example is the standard chainsaw engine, used frequently throughout the book, but first introduced with geometrical input data in Sec. 5.5.1. The data are as presented there, but with the trapped compression ratio, CRt, changed successively from 6.5 to 7.0 (the "standard" value), 7.5 and 8.0. The engine will assuredly give some detonation at a CRt value of 8.0. For each of the simulations the engine speed employed is 9600 rpm, together with an air-to-fuel ratio of 13.0 on unleaded gasoline, which translates to a X value of 0.9. The combustion model is exactly as described in Sec. 5.5.1, i.e., as it is shown in Fig. 4.7(d), with an ignition timing at 24° btdc used within each simulation. The results of the modeling are shown in Figs. A7.1-A7.4. It should be noted that the delivery ratio and charging efficiency are ostensibly constant for all of these simulations, thus any changes in performance characteristics are almost entirely due to combustion variations. The effect of compression ratio on power and fuel consumption Eq. 1.5.22 predicts higher power and thermal efficiency for increasing compression ratio. Thermal efficiency is inversely related to brake specific fuel consumption, which can be seen 4.2 -> CHAINSAW ENGINE 9600 rpm r 470 5.8 -i 26 8 9 6 7 TRAPPED COMPRESSION RATIO Fig. A7.1 Effect of compression ratio on torque, fuel consumption and NOx emissions. 536 -24
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Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke
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A Second Mulled Toast When as a stu
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Acknowledgments As explained in the
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Table of Contents Nomenclature xv C
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Table of Contents 2.10.1 Flow at pi
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Table of Contents 3.5.3.1 The use o
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Table of Contents 6.1.3 The effect
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Nomenclature NAME SYMBOL UNIT (SI)
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speed of rotation speed of rotation
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attenuation or transmission loss wa
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Design and Simulation ofTwo-Stroke
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Design and Simulation ofTwo'Stroke
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Chapter 4 Combustion in Two-Stroke
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Chapter 4 - Combustion in Two-Strok
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a stratilpl o tions to ivior. If m
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CD 30 -, W 20 - LU CO iS _J LU OC 1
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181 also x3 = — = 0.905 x6 = 2.17
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to be cur .3.20) .3.21) .3.22) for
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3.23) com- :on is hhas has a /eng-
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stroke .3.29) mean me to 3land ssio
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a LU z: en 3 CO a LU z EC D m O ho
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CD 1.2 -i 1.0 - di „„ LU 0.8 cc
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CO —> 111" cc LU < LU _J LU CC £
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Combustion in compression-ignition
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stroke ari more often lseful lental
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lat the ssi ;tribu- ELEVATION VIEWS
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CYLINDER HEAD TYPE IS CENTRAL BORE,
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CO E 50 40 - O O _i Hi > I CO 30 Z)
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CURRENT INPUT DATA FOR 2-STROKE 'SP
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Cylin- PP £ Pa- tics of Paper Chap
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vfitro- ;titi >tants 1970. i(In- Ch
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£2 = Pi P2 I Pi J Chapter 4 - Comb
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CHAINSAW AT 9600 rpm. Chapter 4- Co
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LLI •z. O N -z. 0.21 -, 0.20 DC 0
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Chapter 7 Reduction of Fuel Consump
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Chapter 7 • Reduction of Fuel Con
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Chapter 7 - Reduction of Fuel Consu
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Chapter 7 • Reduction of Fuel Con
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Chapter 8 - Reduction of Noise Emis
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• • / . • Appendix Listing of
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Active radical (AR) combustion and
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initial conditions, assumptions reg
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in two-stroke engine (schematic dia
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exhaust timing control valve, effec
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I Exhaust emissions/exhaust gas ana
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Exhaust systems (continued) untuned
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gas constant/universal gas constant
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in crankcase heat transfer analysis
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Mercury Marine air-assisted fuel in
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I PISTON POSITION (computer program
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Pressure wave reflection (in pipes)
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local acoustic velocity, 60 local M
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Roots blower in turbocharged/superc
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Scavenging (continued) scavenging e
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Simulation, engine See Computer mod
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temperature vs. crankshaft angle (c
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work per thermodynamic (Otto) cycle
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Design and Simulation of Two Stroke Engines

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