Design and Simulation of Two Stroke Engines

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Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke Engines faster than the non-homentropic method of characteristics. Of great importance is the inherent ability of the GPB code to automatically take into account the presence of variable gas properties and variable gas species throughout a duct. This is not the case with the Lax- Wendroff (+FCT) code, and the inclusion of variable gas properties and variable gas species within a duct for that computer code has been reported to slow it down by anything from a factor of 1.6 for a minimum acceptable level of accuracy to a factor of 5 to attain complete accuracy [2.62, 2.63]. 1. IU - ^ 1.08 - O H < DC UJ 106 - DC 3 CO CO 1.04 - LU DC 0- 1.02 - (a) COMPRESSION WAVE FRICTION 1.00 - 0.007 . \\ \\ i \ % \ \\ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \ V \ \ \ \ \ \ \ CALCULATED MEASURED i • i i 0.008 0.009 TIME, seconds 1.00 0.99 - < UJ 0.98 cr z> CO CO 0.97 UJ CL 0_ 0.96 H 0.95 0.010 0.007 (b) EXPANSION WAVE FRICTION CALCULATED MEASURED T -r 0.008 0.009 0.010 TIME, seconds Fig. 2.58 Friction causing wave reflections from compression and expansion waves. 2.21 Concluding remarks The GPB finite system simulation technique can be used with some confidence regarding its accuracy for the thermodynamics and unsteady gas dynamics of flow from and into engine cylinders, and throughout the ducting attached to the internal-combustion engine. It is an interesting commentary on the activities of those who fund research in engineering, in this case the Science and Engineering Research Council of the UK, that when they were approached some years ago for the funding of the theoretical and experimental work described in this text, a "committee of peers" rejected the application for such funding on the grounds that it had "all been done before." The last line of the Second Mulled Toast should be item 1 on any agenda for meetings of organizations that fund research in engineering. 192
Chapter 2 - Gas Flow through Two-Stroke Engines References for Chapter 2 2.1 S. Earnshaw, "On the Mathematical Theory of Sound," Phil. Trans.Roy.Soc., Vol 150, pl33,1860. 2.2 F.K. Bannister, "Pressure Waves in Gases in Pipes," Ackroyd Stuart Memorial Lectures, University of Nottingham, 1958. 2.3 G. Rudinger, Wave Diagrams for Non-Steady Flow in Ducts. Van Nostrand, New York, 1955. 2.4 R.S. Benson, The Thermodynamics and Gas Dynamics of Internal Combustion Engines. Volumes 1 and 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1982. 2.5 F.J. Wallace, M.H. Nassif, "Air Flow in a Naturally Aspirated Two-Stroke Engine," Prod. Mech.E., Vol IB, p343, 1953. 2.6 G.P. Blair, WL. Cahoon,"A More Complete Analysis of Unsteady Gas Flow Through a High Specific Output Two-Cycle Engine," SAE Paper No.720156, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1972. 2.7 J.H. McConnell, "Unsteady Gas Flow Through Naturally Aspirated Four-Stroke Cycle Internal Combustion Engines," Doctoral Thesis, The Queen's University of Belfast, March, 1974. 2.8 P. De Haller, "The Application of a Graphic Method to some Dynamic Problems in Gases," Sulzer Tech. Review, Vol 1, p6, 1945. 2.9 A. Jones, Doctoral Thesis, University of Adelaide, Australia, 1979. 2.10 R.S. Benson, R.D. Garg, D. Woollatt, "A Numerical Solution of Unsteady Flow Problems," IntJ.Mech.Sci., Vol 6, ppl 17-144, 1964. 2.11 D.R. Hartree, "Some Practical Methods of Using Characteristics in the Calculation of Non-Steady Compressible Flow," US Atomic Energy Commission Report, AECU- 2713, 1953. " 2.12 M. Chapman, J.M. Novak, R.A. Stein, "A Non-Linear Acoustic Model of Inlet and Exhaust Flow in Multi-Cylinder Internal Combustion Engines," Winter Annual Meeting, ASME, Boston, Mass., 83-WA/DSC-14, November, 198*3. 2.13 P.J. Roache, Computational Fluid Dynamics. Hermosa Publishers, USA, 1982. 2.14 R. Courant, K. Friedrichs, H. Lewy, Translation Report NYO-7689, Math. Ann, Vol 100, p32, 1928. 2.15 G.P. Blair, J.R. Goulburn, "The Pressure-Time History in the Exhaust System of a High-Speed Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine," SAE Paper No. 670477, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1967. 2.16 G.P. Blair, M.B. Johnston, "Unsteady Flow Effects in the Exhaust Systems of Naturally Aspirated, Crankcase Compression, Two-Stroke Cycle Engines," SAE Paper No. 680594, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1968. 2.17 G.P. Blair, J.R. Goulburn, "An Unsteady Flow Analysis of Exhaust Systems for Multi- Cylinder Automobile Engines," SAE Paper No. 690469, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1969. 2.18 G.P. Blair, M.B. Johnston, "Simplified Design Criteria for Expansion Chambers for Two-Cycle Gasoline Engines," SAE Paper No. 700123, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1970. 193
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Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke
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A Second Mulled Toast When as a stu
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Acknowledgments As explained in the
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Table of Contents Nomenclature xv C
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Table of Contents 2.10.1 Flow at pi
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Table of Contents 3.5.3.1 The use o
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Table of Contents 6.1.3 The effect
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Nomenclature NAME SYMBOL UNIT (SI)
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speed of rotation speed of rotation
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attenuation or transmission loss wa
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Page 164 and 165: Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke
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Design and Simulation ofTwo'Stroke
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Chapter 4 Combustion in Two-Stroke
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Chapter 4 - Combustion in Two-Strok
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a stratilpl o tions to ivior. If m
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CD 30 -, W 20 - LU CO iS _J LU OC 1
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181 also x3 = — = 0.905 x6 = 2.17
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to be cur .3.20) .3.21) .3.22) for
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3.23) com- :on is hhas has a /eng-
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stroke .3.29) mean me to 3land ssio
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a LU z: en 3 CO a LU z EC D m O ho
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CD 1.2 -i 1.0 - di „„ LU 0.8 cc
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CO —> 111" cc LU < LU _J LU CC £
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Combustion in compression-ignition
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stroke ari more often lseful lental
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lat the ssi ;tribu- ELEVATION VIEWS
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CYLINDER HEAD TYPE IS CENTRAL BORE,
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CO E 50 40 - O O _i Hi > I CO 30 Z)
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CURRENT INPUT DATA FOR 2-STROKE 'SP
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Cylin- PP £ Pa- tics of Paper Chap
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vfitro- ;titi >tants 1970. i(In- Ch
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£2 = Pi P2 I Pi J Chapter 4 - Comb
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CHAINSAW AT 9600 rpm. Chapter 4- Co
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LLI •z. O N -z. 0.21 -, 0.20 DC 0
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Chapter 7 Reduction of Fuel Consump
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Chapter 7 • Reduction of Fuel Con
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Chapter 7 - Reduction of Fuel Consu
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^ s C£ Q 2^ E Q. Q_ z' o ISSI HCEM
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o > z~ Q w CO UJ w g x O z o z o m
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0.35 • 0.34 LU ° 0.33 - c 03 DC
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§ 2000
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y, ,6 Chapter 7 - Reduction of Fuel
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Chapter 7- Reduction of Fuel Consum
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INLET FOR r AIR AND FUEL Chapter 7
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O 01 III cr cc LU Q. LU h- LU Z o N
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Chapter 8 Reduction of Noise Emissi
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Chapter 8 • Reduction of Noise Em
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Chapter 8 - Reduction of Noise Emis
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1 Chapter 8 - Reduction of Noise Em
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• • / . • Appendix Listing of
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Active radical (AR) combustion and
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initial conditions, assumptions reg
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in two-stroke engine (schematic dia
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exhaust timing control valve, effec
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I Exhaust emissions/exhaust gas ana
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Exhaust systems (continued) untuned
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gas constant/universal gas constant
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in crankcase heat transfer analysis
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Mercury Marine air-assisted fuel in
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I PISTON POSITION (computer program
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Pressure wave reflection (in pipes)
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local acoustic velocity, 60 local M
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Roots blower in turbocharged/superc
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Scavenging (continued) scavenging e
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Simulation, engine See Computer mod
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temperature vs. crankshaft angle (c
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work per thermodynamic (Otto) cycle
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Design and Simulation of Two Stroke Engines

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