Design and Simulation of Two Stroke Engines

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Pressure wave reflection (in pipes) (continued) at branches in a pipe (continued) complete solutions: one and two supplier pipes, 118-122 First Law of Thermodynamics, application of, 120-121 McGinnity non-isentropic solution for, 117-119 net mass flow rate (at the junction), 115 pressure amplitude ratios, general solution for, 116 pressure loss equations (one/two supplier pipes), 121-122 pressure/pressure amplitude ratios (one/two supplier pipes), 116-117 stagnation enthalpies (one/two supplier pipes), 121 temperature-entropy curves (one/two supplier pipes), 120 unsteady flow at three-way branch (diagram), 115 at contractions in pipe area introduction, 105 Benson "constant pressure" criterion, 106 First law of Thermodynamics, application of, 106, 107 gas properties (functions of), 105 isentropic flow in, 105 mass flow continuity equation, 106, 107 Newton-Raphson and Gaussian Elimination methods, 107 numerical examples, 113-114 reference state conditions, 106 sonic particle velocity, solution for, 107-108 at duct boundaries introduction, 88-90 compression wave at closed end, 91-92 compression wave at open end, 92-93 engine manifolds, reflection possibilities in (diagram), 89 expansion wave at plain open end, 95-97 expansion wave inflow at bellmouth open end,93-95 Newton-Raphson method (for expansion wave reflected pressure), 96-97 notation for reflection/transmission, 90-91 wave reflection criteria (typical pipes), 91 611 Index at expansions in pipe area Benson "constant pressure" criterion, 103, 104 continuity equation (for mass flow), 102,103 First Law of Thermodynamics, application of, 102, 104 flow momentum equation, 103, 104 numerical examples, 113-114 particle flow diagram (simple expansion/contraction), 102 sonic particle velocity, solution for, 104-105 temperature-entropy curves (isentropic, non-isentropic), 101 turbulent vortices and particle flow separation, 101 at gas discontinuities introduction, 85-86 complex case: variable gas composition, 87-88 conservation of mass and momentum, 86-87 energy flow diagram, 86 simple case: common gas composition, 87 inflow from a cylinder introduction and discussion, 135-136 First Law of Thermodynamics, application of, 138,139 flow diagram, 136 gas properties (functions of), 136 mass flow continuity equation, 138, 139 numerical examples, 140-142 pressure amplitude ratios, 138 reference state conditions, 137 sonic particle velocity, solution for, 139-140 temperature-entropy diagrams, 136, 137 outflow from a cylinder introduction and discussion, 127-129 First Law of Thermodynamics, application of, 130-131, 132 flow diagram, 128 flow momentum equation, 131, 132 gas properties (functions of), 130 mass flow continuity equation, 130 numerical examples, 133-135 pressure amplitude ratios, 131 reference state conditions, 130 sonic particle velocity, solution for, 132-133 stratified scavenging, significance of, 129, 163
Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke Engines Pressure wave reflection (in pipes) (continued) outflow from a cylinder (continued) temperature-entropy diagrams, 128-129 at restrictions between differing pipe areas introduction, 108 First Law of Thermodynamics, application of, 110-112 flow momentum equation, 111, 112 gas properties (functions of), 109 mass flow continuity equation, 110, 111 numerical examples, 113-114 particle flow regimes (diagram of), 109 reference state conditions, 109 sonic particle velocity, solution for, 112-113 temperature-entropy curves for, 108-109 at sudden area changes introduction, 97 Benson "constant pressure" criterion, 98-99 energy flow diagram, 98 examples: enlargements and contractions, 100-101 nomenclature, consistency of, 98 in tapered pipes introduction, 124-126 dimensions and flow diagram, 125 gas particle Mach number, importance of, 127 separation of flow (from walls), 126-127 Pressure wave superposition (oppositely moving, in pipes) introduction, 69 mass flow rate directional conventions for, 73-74 numerical values of, 74 supersonic particle velocity Mach number (defined), 74-75 numerical values for, 77 Rankine-Hugoniot equations (combined shock/reflection), 76-77 superposition Mach number (determination of), 75-76 weak shock concept (for modeling unsteady gas flow), 75, 77 wave propagation acoustic, propagation velocities (numerical values for), 73 acoustic velocity, sign conventions for, 73 propagation velocities, sign conventions for, 73 612 "wave interference during superposition" effect, 73 wave superposition acoustic velocities, local, 69 particle velocity, absolute, 70 particle/propagation velocities, sign conventions for, 69, 71 particle/propagation velocities (individual wavetop), 69 pressure-time data, experimental (interpretation of), 71-72 simplified pressure diagram, 70 superposition particle velocity (analytical), 70-71 superposition particle velocity (experimental), 71-72 superposition pressure ratio, 71 Propagation/particle velocity (acoustic waves) pressure ratio, 54 specific heats ratio (for air), 54 velocity in air (after Earnshaw), 54 Propagation/particle velocity (finite amplitude waves in free air) particle velocity absolute pressure (p), 55 gas constant (for air), 55 gas particle velocity (for air), 55, 57 pressure amplitude ratio, 55 pressure ratio, 55 specific heat (constant pressure/volume), 55 specific heat ratio, functions of (for air), 56 specific heats ratio, 55 propagation velocity absolute propagation velocity, 57-58 acoustic velocity, 57 density, 57 isentropic change of state, 57 Propagation/particle velocity (finite amplitude waves in pipes) basic parameters (values in air) particle velocity, 58 pressure amplitude ratio, 58 propagation velocity, 58 reference acoustic velocity, 58, 59 reference density, 59 the compression wave absolute pressure, 59 density, 60
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Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke
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A Second Mulled Toast When as a stu
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Acknowledgments As explained in the
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Table of Contents Nomenclature xv C
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Table of Contents 2.10.1 Flow at pi
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Table of Contents 3.5.3.1 The use o
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Table of Contents 6.1.3 The effect
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Nomenclature NAME SYMBOL UNIT (SI)
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speed of rotation speed of rotation
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attenuation or transmission loss wa
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Design and Simulation ofTwo-Stroke
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Design and Simulation ofTwo'Stroke
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Chapter 4 Combustion in Two-Stroke
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Chapter 4 - Combustion in Two-Strok
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a stratilpl o tions to ivior. If m
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CD 30 -, W 20 - LU CO iS _J LU OC 1
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181 also x3 = — = 0.905 x6 = 2.17
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to be cur .3.20) .3.21) .3.22) for
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3.23) com- :on is hhas has a /eng-
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stroke .3.29) mean me to 3land ssio
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a LU z: en 3 CO a LU z EC D m O ho
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CD 1.2 -i 1.0 - di „„ LU 0.8 cc
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CO —> 111" cc LU < LU _J LU CC £
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Combustion in compression-ignition
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stroke ari more often lseful lental
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lat the ssi ;tribu- ELEVATION VIEWS
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CYLINDER HEAD TYPE IS CENTRAL BORE,
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CO E 50 40 - O O _i Hi > I CO 30 Z)
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CURRENT INPUT DATA FOR 2-STROKE 'SP
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Cylin- PP £ Pa- tics of Paper Chap
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vfitro- ;titi >tants 1970. i(In- Ch
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£2 = Pi P2 I Pi J Chapter 4 - Comb
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CHAINSAW AT 9600 rpm. Chapter 4- Co
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Chapter 7 Reduction of Fuel Consump
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Chapter 7 • Reduction of Fuel Con
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Chapter 7 - Reduction of Fuel Consu
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§ 2000
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y, ,6 Chapter 7 - Reduction of Fuel
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Chapter 7- Reduction of Fuel Consum
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Chapter 8 Reduction of Noise Emissi
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Chapter 8 • Reduction of Noise Em
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Page 608 and 609: Active radical (AR) combustion and
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Page 612 and 613: in two-stroke engine (schematic dia
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Page 622 and 623: in crankcase heat transfer analysis
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Page 626 and 627: I PISTON POSITION (computer program
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Page 634 and 635: Scavenging (continued) scavenging e
Page 636 and 637: Simulation, engine See Computer mod
Page 638 and 639: temperature vs. crankshaft angle (c
Page 640 and 641: work per thermodynamic (Otto) cycle
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Design and Simulation of Two Stroke Engines

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