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management, REDD Readiness, among others. IUCN’s contribution in this field has been picked up intechnical contexts such as The Forest Dialogue, Arbovitae (IUCN periodical 2009–2012), the “Ecologyand Society Journal”, etc. On the topic of economics, articles mainly focused in the link betweenpoverty and conservation, the economic valuation of biodiversity as a means to improve environmentalmanagement and landscape management. Finally, another marine publication that has had an impactin the scientific community is: The management of natural coastal carbon sinks, by Laffoley, D. andGrimsditch, G., which highlights the importance of coastal ecosystems as a critical component of thecarbon cycle.Key Lessons from Implementation 2009–12IUCN’s top lessons learned in 2009–12 include:• Basic science, such as the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, serves multiplepurposes as a global public good. In the case of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,the knowledge has wide influence on policy at global (e.g. the Convention on BiologicalDiversity, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora (CITES)) and national levels, was used in numerous examples of species conservationaction planning (e.g. multiple examples of planning for amphibian recovery), in secondarysource knowledge products compiled outside of IUCN (e.g. the Global Biodiversity Outlook 3report), to underpin private sector biodiversity management tools (e.g. Holcim’s BiodiversityManagement System), donor allocation (e.g. the Global Environment Facility’s System forTransparent Allocation of Resources) and investment in biodiversity (e.g. the World Bank andprivate sector supported Save Our Species fund).• Policy influence and practical demonstration can create a virtuous circle of action andpolicy influence that is positive for biodiversity and human wellbeing. IUCN’s work onclimate change is a good example of this virtuous circle at work. IUCN promoted EcosystembasedAdaptation, a socially equitable Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forestDegradation (REDD+) and a pro-gender approach to climate change under the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change. Based on this, IUCN has started climateadaptation and mitigation projects based on some tried and true natural resourcemanagement techniques that include sustainable forest management and forest landscaperestoration. The effects have continued to build as gender sensitive climate strategies havebeen developed in many countries around the world and with the recent Bonn Challengedeclaration for the restoration of 150 million hectares of degraded forest around the world.• IUCN’s proven role of convening local stakeholders and empowering the mostvulnerable segments of society has emerged as a key strategy in a variety of efforts toimprove rural livelihoods while managing and restoring ecosystems. IUCN convenesand empowers where other organizations and governments have been unsuccessful creatingtransboundary water governance regimes that reduce conflict (e.g. the Pangani watershedstraddling Kenya and Tanzania), improve forest law enforcement and governance (e.g.Eastern Europe, West Africa and Brazil) and in many other contexts and locations globally.• Nature does provide solutions to the global challenges of economic development, foodsecurity, climate change and disaster risk reduction. In 2009, the idea that nature couldprovide solutions was largely untested and undocumented. When IUCN started to look closerat projects that were working in landscapes populated by the rural poor, clear evidence thatempowering local people to govern and manage their landscapes and watersheds wasleading to clear and measurable gains in income, availability of food, climate adaptationsolutions and reduced risks. IUCN used this knowledge to design a new generation of projectinterventions, focusing specifically on these challenges.• IUCN leverages more knowledge, influence and action as a Union than as a singleorganization. With over 1,200 Member organizations at all levels of society and more than11,000 volunteer scientists, IUCN’s reach as a Union is globally significant. IUCN works withits Members to influence policy. During the CBD negotiations, IUCN’s Union of the Secretariat,Members and Commissions led to considerable and specific influence over the Strategic Plan333