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the process of security sector reform - ISAC Fund

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István Gyarmati MILITARY REFORMS OF THE 1990s: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE SUCCESSES AND FAILURES<br />

dr Biljana Vankovska PRAVNI ASPEKTI REFORME BEZBEDNOSNOG SEKTORA: MOĆ I NEMOĆ PRAVA<br />

3. The <strong>reform</strong> should not aim to reach <strong>the</strong> level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most progressive<br />

forces <strong>of</strong> today, but should aim to reach a level – at least in some, wellselected<br />

areas – where <strong>the</strong>se forces will be by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “conclusion”<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>reform</strong>.<br />

4. Reform is a long <strong>process</strong>. In order to maintain public support, <strong>reform</strong>s<br />

must provide <strong>the</strong> political leadership with intermediate successes, which<br />

can be shown to <strong>the</strong> public in regular intervals.<br />

5. Reform should be based on long-term considerations. When planning<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>reform</strong>, <strong>the</strong> time horizon <strong>of</strong> eight to ten years should serve as a basis.<br />

It is also essential, however, to break down <strong>the</strong> long <strong>process</strong> into shorter<br />

phases and plan for <strong>the</strong>se shorter phases as <strong>the</strong>y arrive – in <strong>the</strong> framework<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> long-term objectives.<br />

6. Reductions are not equal to <strong>reform</strong>. Reductions in many cases, however,<br />

will be necessary. It is also true for technical modernization: technology<br />

must be introduced only gradually and only if and when <strong>the</strong> military<br />

structures are ready to integrate new technology.<br />

7. Any <strong>reform</strong> must be modernizing in nature. Traditions and so-called<br />

national features must not be used as a pretext not to modernize and to<br />

ignore relevant international trends.<br />

8. Discipline is important both in <strong>the</strong> <strong>process</strong> <strong>of</strong> planning and, even more<br />

so, in implementation. Continuous changes and compromises will make<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>reform</strong> fail.<br />

9. All <strong>reform</strong>s must set priorities. Implementation should follow <strong>the</strong>se<br />

priorities, which should not be changed according to <strong>the</strong> wishes <strong>of</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />

<strong>the</strong> military or <strong>the</strong> political leadership.<br />

10. No <strong>reform</strong> can succeed without an adequate defense planning system<br />

and sound resource management.<br />

11. International advice is indispensable, but cannot be taken without<br />

adapting it to <strong>the</strong> concrete situation faced by a given country.<br />

This paper was originally published in <strong>the</strong> Compendium <strong>of</strong> lectures from<br />

The Third School <strong>of</strong> Security Sector Reform, in 2004.<br />

dr Biljana Vankovska<br />

Redovni pr<strong>of</strong>esor na Filoz<strong>of</strong>skom fakultetu u Skoplju<br />

PRAVNI ASPEKTI REFORME BEZBEDNOSNOG<br />

SEKTORA: MOĆ I NEMOĆ PRAVA<br />

VLADAVINA PRAVA,<br />

DEMOKRATIJA I DEMOKRATSKA KONTROLA<br />

BEZBEDNOSNOG SEKTORA<br />

Principi vladavine prava i demokratske kontrole bezbednosnog sektora,<br />

podjednako imanentni za demokratsku vladavinu, bili su lajtmotivi <strong>reform</strong>e u<br />

post-komunističkim društvima još od samog početka tranzicije. Iznenađujuće,<br />

zbog različitih razloga, oni su se veoma retko mogli naći u svom prirodnom<br />

jedinstvu. Na vladavinu prava se uobičajeno gleda kao na condition sine qua<br />

non u procesu političke demokratizacije i transformacije. Demokratska kontrola<br />

bezbednosnog sektora, međutim, se ređe stavlja u kontekst političkog procesa, a<br />

mnogo više i češće se percipira kao jedan od najvažnijih kriterijuma za integraciju<br />

u evroatlantskim strukturama. Zbog toga, elaboracija esencijalne veze između<br />

ova dva principa mora se načiniti veoma vidljivom i eksplicitnom.<br />

Polazna tačka ovog diskursa su obično iskustva i tradicije razvijenih zapadnih<br />

demokratija, koje je stečeno i razvijeno u toku dugovekovnog prakticiranja demokratije.<br />

S druge strane, sjajni rezultati u simultanoj implementaciji oba principa<br />

ne oslobađaju i razvijene demokratije obaveze da permanentno brinu o njihovom<br />

ponovnom preispitivanju u kontekstu novonastalih istorijskih konstelacija i<br />

prioriteta. Izgradnja Zapadne bezbednosne zajednice (<strong>security</strong> community), i<br />

nastupajući trend internacionalizacije civilno-vojnih odnosa, traže nove demokratske<br />

odgovore, i to više ne samo na nacionalnom nego i međunarodnom nivou.<br />

Tačnije, novi se izazovi javljaju u obliku demokratske (dakle, horizontalne i vertikalne)<br />

kontrole nadnacionalnih oružanih snaga (NATO, EU) i primenljivosti<br />

tradicionalnih mehanizama te kontrole. Međutim, ono što danas dominira je stanovište<br />

da je Zapad odavno postavio temelje demokratske kontrole i da tu više nema<br />

većih problema, osim tekućih.<br />

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