The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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Republicans. In the refugee camps in Southern France, where Spanish Republicans and German Interbrigadistas were placed in the spring of 1939, attempts to reunite the leftist forces against fascism failed because socialists, as well as ultra-leftist and liberals blamed the communists at least partially for the defeat of the Spanish Republic. 34 Therefore, the communists were isolated in the leftist sphere of politics. This isolation reflected the isolation that Stalin found himself in after the Munich Agreement and the end of the Spanish Civil War. Because of this isolation, it is generally agreed, that the experience of the Non-Intervention farce in Spain and the Munich Agreement made Stalin conclude that the Soviet Union would not receive support by the Western Democracies in case of a German attack. 35 So, he tried to break the Soviet isolation by seeking a pact with Germany. This was the origin of the Molotov-Rippentrop pact concluded on August 24, 1939. 36 Therefore, it can be concluded that the Spanish Civil War was in fact a prelude to the Molotov-Rippentrop pact and World War Two: already the international reaction to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War showed that the British government was more concerned about the spread of communism than about the expansion of fascism and the French were not able to help the Spanish due to internal pressures directed against communism. The formation of the International Brigades can be seen as an attempt of the Soviet Union to reduce international fears of communism by making them an explicitly non-ideological troop and by protecting private property in the republican zone. The bombing of Guernica raised fears against fascism in the public opinion of the Western countries. But the public was not able to shift their governments' policies because soon after the bombing the reaction of the Spanish communists to the Barcelona May Events and the connection drawn between the persecution of the POUM and the Moscow trials again discredited communism in the liberal countries. The Munich Agreement and the NIC made it obvious that the liberal countries France and Great Britain were not interested in curbing the expansion of fascism or waging a war over the ČSR or Spain, and therefore would also not enter a war to defend the communist Soviet Union. This and the general blame on communists for the Spanish Civil War displayed the international isolation that the Soviet Union was trapped in the beginning of 1939. Therefore, Stalin made the attempt to break this isolation by forming a non-aggression pact with the rival, who he feared the most: Nazi Germany. This makes the Spanish Civil War a prelude to the Molotov-Rippentrop pact. Of course, it can be argued, as Eric Hobsbawm 34 MALLMANN, Klaus-Michael: „Kreuzritter des antifaschistischen Mysteriums”. Zur Erfahrungsperspektive des Spanischen Bürgerkrieges. In: GREBING, Helga, CHRISTL, Wickert (Hg.). Das „andere Deutschland” im Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus. Beiträge zur politischen Überwindung der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur im Exil und im Dritten Reich. Klartext, Essen, 1994. 47. 35 SCHAUFF, Frank: Der verspielte Sieg. Sowjetunion, Kommunistische Internationale und Spanischer Bürgerkrieg 1936-1939. Campus, Frankfurt am Main, 2004. 315. 36 MORADIELLOS, Enrique: El reñidero de Europa. Las dimensiones internacionales de la guerra civil española. Península, Barcelona, 2001. 258. 100
does, 37 that World War Two would have even broken out without the conflict in Spain but this belongs to „what-if” history and the facts that I presented in my article clearly show that there is a direct line between the reactions of the European powers to the Spanish Civil War and the Hitler-Molotov pact, which serves as prelude to the attack on Poland on September 1, 1939. 37 HOBSBAWM, Eric: Das Zeitalter der Extreme. Weltgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts. DTB, Munich, 2007. 202. 101
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ISBN 978-963-284-164-9
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Unknown Clauses: The Background Dea
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CONTENTS Foreword (István MAJOROS,
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Foreword The world remembers in 200
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The Historical Judgement of the Mol
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went often on emotional instead of
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What is much more interesting is th
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such an international agreement as
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Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggress
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Done in duplicate, in the German an
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Lachaise, Bernard Historiography of
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Relations) are the focus of special
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Russian agreement (…) would allow
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Europe and on the French communists
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adopted a stance of denying the fac
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Ortolan, Guillaume The 70 th annive
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government (more than twenty) came,
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War. On the contrary, it shows that
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this anniversary and more widely of
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interesting: „Illusions. In summe
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Kretschmann, Vasco The ideological
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One of the most influential associa
Page 51 and 52: Germanness in the provinces of West
Page 53 and 54: Prętkiewicz, Przemysław The syste
Page 55 and 56: interwar period and the treaty was
Page 57 and 58: situation of rising danger accepted
Page 59 and 60: Manchukuo and broke relations with
Page 61: I would like to finish my article w
Page 64 and 65: party itself but for the whole Slov
Page 66 and 67: In summary, the group of the „Mod
Page 68 and 69: make proposals or suggestions. 6 In
Page 70 and 71: (Aland), Hanko and the islands of t
Page 72 and 73: have had a less serious effect on t
Page 74 and 75: not expect strong resistance and ho
Page 77 and 78: Winkler, Paul Adolf Eichmann’s Vi
Page 79 and 80: individual offenders, 10 who used h
Page 81 and 82: esearch. But how could the suppress
Page 83 and 84: expert of this matter 29 and had as
Page 85 and 86: Arendt on the contrary is in the op
Page 87 and 88: the „matter”, where there was a
Page 89 and 90: adoption of the model it became cle
Page 91 and 92: of Eichmann. For that Heydrich deli
Page 93: esistance […] but of logistics. N
Page 96 and 97: British government refused to give
Page 98 and 99: ole in the defence of Madrid in Nov
Page 100 and 101: public doubt the democratic idea of
Page 104 and 105: 102
Page 106 and 107: iron? Where can one find more nicke
Page 108 and 109: According to his diaries, the main
Page 110 and 111: announced: „We have no active all
Page 112 and 113: 110
Page 114 and 115: negative, an analysis of the disapp
Page 116 and 117: can let think of an imminent war po
Page 118 and 119: de la guerre [il] ne fait que l'agg
Page 120 and 121: Party), the enemy of the inside. Of
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Page 124 and 125: Before the Pact M. Coulondre, the F
Page 126 and 127: Lets us skip a few decades and list
Page 128 and 129: argain with. Hitler had an offer th
Page 130 and 131: secret protocol clarified that the
Page 132 and 133: to reach out for Russia through the
Page 134 and 135: of a war interesting rather on civi
Page 136 and 137: At the same moment, we can note an
Page 138 and 139: Faure 2 , remains hostile to war. I
Page 140 and 141: war can still be avoided in June 19
Page 142 and 143: acked by a „belligerent” coalit
Page 144 and 145: 142
Page 146 and 147: agreement” sound anachronistic. E
Page 148 and 149: 1939 between Germany and the Soviet
Page 150 and 151: Two ideas emerge from the press: on
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soviets didn’t have motive. Blum
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Moscow's line, with the national an
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154
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2.000 German speaking inhabitants).
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The Eastern Polish border was not r
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Army. The mayor of Lviv did not wan
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162
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Budapest, and for Warsaw. The two c
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could not destroy the Polish Air Fo
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independence, Romania was forced to
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importance for the events considere
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possible future opposition to the S
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ate of communists within the Jews o
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the initial positive feeling toward
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wanted to take revenge for the NKVD
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German Reactions A last point that
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The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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