The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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make proposals or suggestions. 6 In short, the deportation of Jews resulted from measures undertaken by the Slovak government. The necessary and ultimate instructions were given and organised by the Slovak government on its own not by command of the German adviser. In this sense it is interesting that the adviser for the party agenda, Hans Pehm, who was sent from Berlin to Bratislava to organize the HSPP according to the NSDAP guidelines, complained about the disinterest or noncompliance he experienced. The official Slovakian elite wanted to protect the party successfully and easily from any exterior influence. Hans Pehm was powerless, he could like all other advisers, just appeal to the voluntary cooperation of the Slovak authorities. Final conclusion The Slovak government acted independently and voluntarily when cooperating closely with Nazi Germany in the destruction of the European Jews. The Slovak Republic was therefore the only country that was not occupied by Nazi Germany, which organized and induced the deportation of its Jewish population on its own behalf. 6 TÖNSMEYER, Tatjana: The German Advisers in Slovakia, 1939-1945: Conflict or Cooperation? 2003. 173. 66
Balogh, Márton Problems at the Finnish-Soviet Border after the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact Finland was at the beginning of the 20 th Century a part of the Russian Empire, and after the fall of the tsarist regime the civil war raged over the country. The Finnish Red Guard was beaten quickly by the „white Republicans” and its communists left the country 1 and Finland gained its independence. The Treaty of Tartu (14 October 1920) guaranteed the borders of the new country. 2 The Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with the country in the 1932. The World changes When the great powers invaded and annexed the smaller countries, 3 the politicians in Finland felt the air of danger. After claiming Sudetenland, Hitler declared in Munich that Germany had no more territorial claims to Czechoslovakia. He „generously” said, „I want to take not even a single Czech!” The Czechs gave up their frontier region with its well-made fortifications, thinking this was the price they had to pay to live in peace. On 16 March 1939 Hitler said that „The Czech and Moravian territories had belonged to the German people for a thousand years; it is violence and immorality that separated it!” In the end, Czechoslovakia was cut up by Germany, and the Czechs did not put up any military resistance. In August 1939 a French-English delegation went to the Soviet Union to sign an agreement according to which France, Great-Britain and the Soviet Union would have forged an alliance against the aggressive German expansion, but Stalin was willing to cooperate only under the condition that the Soviet Union could take certain western territories (in Poland, for example). The fact that the British and the Polish were allies withheld Stalin's ambitions. Thus, the Soviet leader „politely” rejected the delegation. 4 In this situation – during spring and summer - the Soviet Union tried to concuss Finland and claim territories northwards to Leningrad, 5 Ahvananmaa 1 JUTTIKKALA, Eino, PIRINEN, Kauko: Finnország történeleme (The History of Finland). Kairos, Budapest, 2004. 301-309. 2 Ibid. 315. 3 Germany annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia and claimed territories from Lithuania; Italy annexed Etiophia and Albania. 4 SZERENCSÉS, Károly: Revízió, országgyarapítások és kormánypolitika Magyarországon 1938-1944. (Border-revision, country enlargements and government policy in Hungary 1938- 1944 - seminar held in the academic year 2009/2010 spring semester. 5 JACOBSON, Max: Finnország: mítosz és valóság. (Finland: myth and reality). Minerva, Budapest, 1990. 29. 67
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ISBN 978-963-284-164-9
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Unknown Clauses: The Background Dea
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CONTENTS Foreword (István MAJOROS,
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Foreword The world remembers in 200
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The Historical Judgement of the Mol
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went often on emotional instead of
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What is much more interesting is th
Page 18 and 19: such an international agreement as
Page 20 and 21: Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggress
Page 22 and 23: Done in duplicate, in the German an
Page 25 and 26: Lachaise, Bernard Historiography of
Page 27 and 28: Relations) are the focus of special
Page 29 and 30: Russian agreement (…) would allow
Page 31 and 32: Europe and on the French communists
Page 33 and 34: adopted a stance of denying the fac
Page 35 and 36: Ortolan, Guillaume The 70 th annive
Page 37 and 38: government (more than twenty) came,
Page 39 and 40: War. On the contrary, it shows that
Page 41 and 42: this anniversary and more widely of
Page 43: interesting: „Illusions. In summe
Page 47 and 48: Kretschmann, Vasco The ideological
Page 49 and 50: One of the most influential associa
Page 51 and 52: Germanness in the provinces of West
Page 53 and 54: Prętkiewicz, Przemysław The syste
Page 55 and 56: interwar period and the treaty was
Page 57 and 58: situation of rising danger accepted
Page 59 and 60: Manchukuo and broke relations with
Page 61: I would like to finish my article w
Page 64 and 65: party itself but for the whole Slov
Page 66 and 67: In summary, the group of the „Mod
Page 70 and 71: (Aland), Hanko and the islands of t
Page 72 and 73: have had a less serious effect on t
Page 74 and 75: not expect strong resistance and ho
Page 77 and 78: Winkler, Paul Adolf Eichmann’s Vi
Page 79 and 80: individual offenders, 10 who used h
Page 81 and 82: esearch. But how could the suppress
Page 83 and 84: expert of this matter 29 and had as
Page 85 and 86: Arendt on the contrary is in the op
Page 87 and 88: the „matter”, where there was a
Page 89 and 90: adoption of the model it became cle
Page 91 and 92: of Eichmann. For that Heydrich deli
Page 93: esistance […] but of logistics. N
Page 96 and 97: British government refused to give
Page 98 and 99: ole in the defence of Madrid in Nov
Page 100 and 101: public doubt the democratic idea of
Page 102 and 103: Republicans. In the refugee camps i
Page 104 and 105: 102
Page 106 and 107: iron? Where can one find more nicke
Page 108 and 109: According to his diaries, the main
Page 110 and 111: announced: „We have no active all
Page 112 and 113: 110
Page 114 and 115: negative, an analysis of the disapp
Page 116 and 117: can let think of an imminent war po
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de la guerre [il] ne fait que l'agg
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Party), the enemy of the inside. Of
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120
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Before the Pact M. Coulondre, the F
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Lets us skip a few decades and list
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argain with. Hitler had an offer th
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secret protocol clarified that the
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to reach out for Russia through the
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of a war interesting rather on civi
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At the same moment, we can note an
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Faure 2 , remains hostile to war. I
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war can still be avoided in June 19
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acked by a „belligerent” coalit
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142
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agreement” sound anachronistic. E
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1939 between Germany and the Soviet
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Two ideas emerge from the press: on
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soviets didn’t have motive. Blum
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Moscow's line, with the national an
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154
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2.000 German speaking inhabitants).
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The Eastern Polish border was not r
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Army. The mayor of Lviv did not wan
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162
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Budapest, and for Warsaw. The two c
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could not destroy the Polish Air Fo
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independence, Romania was forced to
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importance for the events considere
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possible future opposition to the S
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ate of communists within the Jews o
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the initial positive feeling toward
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wanted to take revenge for the NKVD
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German Reactions A last point that
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The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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