The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The Eastern Polish border was not ready to be defended. The Polish government and the Polish army did not plan a two-front war. Most of the Polish army was involved in the fight with the Nazi army. The Eastern Polish border was not defended by any anti-tank rifle. 17 There was no solution for the Polish government. On the same day at 10. a.m. the president of Poland Ignacy Mościcki left Poland crossing the Polish-Romanian border. The Commanderin-Chief of Poland's armed forces Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły commanded Polish army to cross the Polish-Romanian and the Polish- Hungarian border. The West-Soviet Military Group was commanded to seize Lviv between 18-22nd of September 18 . The Polish General Command sent an instruction to general Langer including an order to fight only with Germans. Fighting with the Red Army was to be taken only in case of self-defense. On the 18 th of September the Nazi army pointed the 21 th of September to be the day of the general attack. According to the fact that the Red Army crossed the Polish border, general Langer said to the mayor of Lviv, Stanisław Ostrowski, that it is impossible to fight with two enemies, that is why he planned to surrender Lviv to the Red Army, because of its Slavic nature. The mayor of Lviv did not want to do it. 19 Stanisław Ostrowski made an appeal to Lviv administrative officers and other officers calling to appear at work. Most of them came to work helping Lviv inhabitants. A large number of volunteers were helping in reparations of the municipal water supply system which had been bombarded by Nazi planes. The provision of food was organized. Milk was provided only for families with small babies. Most of Lviv doctors joined the sanitary points. 20 German agents tried to have a meeting with the Polish Supreme Command, but they had to return because of the Polish refusal. German agents said only that „if Lemberg surrenders to Germans, it will still be in Europe. If Lemberg surrenders to Soviets, it will be in Asia” 21 . This fact is quite interesting – a local German command did not know about the German-Soviet division of Poland, which was planned in August. German command decided to attack and seize the city. Two hours after midnight on the 19 th of September Soviet tanks came to the suburbs of Lviv and were raked by Polish armoured cannon. Soviet tanks returned. Soviet division seized a small city Winniki (6 kilometers from Lviv). At 2 o’clock p.m. the division of the Red Army was attacked by the German 17 WŁODARKIEWICZ,Wojciech: Lwów 1939. Warszawa, 2007. 137-138. 18 Kronika 2350 dni wojny i okupacji Lwowa 1IX 1939 – 5 II 1946, [edited by] MAZUR, Grzegorz, SKWARA, Jerzy, WĘGIERSKI, Jerzy. Kraków, 2007. 48; see also: WŁODARKIEWICZ,Wojciech: Lwów 1939. Warszawa, 2007. 142. 19 Ibidem. 51-52. In Lviv there were 25 battalions of foot soldiers, 3 troops of cavalry, 78 cannons, 16 ack-ack guns. The reserve of food for the civil inhabitants were calculated for 2-3 months. Ammunition was calculated for 2 weeks. 20 „Goniec Wieczorny”. Lwów 18.09.1939. 21 LEINWALD, Artur: Obrona Lwowa we wrześniu 1939 roku. In: Rocznik Lwowski [red.] WASYLKOWSKI, Janusz. Warszawa, 1992. 41. 158
division because of the general attack on Lemberg which had been planned by Germans. Three Soviet soldiers were killed and three German soldiers were killed too. Soviet delegation, which came to Winniki required of Germans to back away from eastern Galicia. Germans did not want to do it. 22 On the same day Germans edited a leaflet in Polish to the Polish inhabitants and Polish defense ordering them to surrender Lviv in 2 days. The leaflets were spread by planes. The main sentences were: „The Polish government escaped abroad. […] The Polish army has been totally beaten-up. […] Russians are well-disposed to Germans. […]The city must surrender by September 21” 23 . The German ultimatum was refused by general Langer. On the same day the Soviet head-quarters edited leaflets in Polish to the Polish defense, which were also spread by planes. The main sentences were: „Soldiers! 60.000 Polish soldiers joined voluntarily to the Red Army. […] Do not believe your officers! They want your death! Let’s beat your officers! […] Only the Red Army can liberate one Polish nation from war” 24 . In the eastern suburbs of Lviv the agents of the Polish defense had a meeting with a group of Soviet officers. A Soviet officer said that The Red Army had come to fight against Germans. He demanded to come to the city. Polish agents rejected. On the same day the Nazi army surrounded Lviv. In the evening Germans gave Soviets an ultimatum to back away to the east. Soviets refused. In the evening of the 20 th of September Soviets came to an agreement with Germans. Germans agreed to desist from attacking Lviv because of the Führer’s command: „Lemberg has to be left for the Red Army. The attack on Lemberg planned before should be immediately halted” 25 . On the 21th of September in the morning German army started to move away from the surroundings of Lviv. The Red Army was ready to attack Lviv. General Langer commanded not to shoot to Soviets. There was the first meeting between Polish and Soviet command. The Soviet commander said that the Red Army came to help fight against Germans. Lviv under the Soviet occupation In the evening there was a meeting between the mayor of Lviv, Stanisław Ostrowski, and general Langer. General Langer decided to capitulate although in the city there were about 15.000 Polish soldiers ready to fight with the Red 22 WŁODARKIEWICZ,Wojciech: Lwów 1939. Warszawa, 2007. 176; see also: Kronika 2350 dni wojny i okupacji Lwowa 1IX 1939 – 5 II 1946, [edited by] MAZUR, Grzegorz, SKWARA, Jerzy, WĘGIERSKI, Jerzy. Kraków, 2007. 52. 23 Kronika 2350 dni wojny i okupacji Lwowa 1IX 1939 – 5 II 1946, [edited by] MAZUR, Grzegorz, SKWARA, Jerzy, WĘGIERSKI, Jerzy. Kraków, 2007. 53. 24 Ibidem. 54. 25 Ibidem. 55. 159
Page 2 and 3:
ISBN 978-963-284-164-9
Page 5 and 6:
Unknown Clauses: The Background Dea
Page 7 and 8:
CONTENTS Foreword (István MAJOROS,
Page 9 and 10:
Foreword The world remembers in 200
Page 11:
The Historical Judgement of the Mol
Page 14 and 15:
went often on emotional instead of
Page 16 and 17:
What is much more interesting is th
Page 18 and 19:
such an international agreement as
Page 20 and 21:
Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggress
Page 22 and 23:
Done in duplicate, in the German an
Page 25 and 26:
Lachaise, Bernard Historiography of
Page 27 and 28:
Relations) are the focus of special
Page 29 and 30:
Russian agreement (…) would allow
Page 31 and 32:
Europe and on the French communists
Page 33 and 34:
adopted a stance of denying the fac
Page 35 and 36:
Ortolan, Guillaume The 70 th annive
Page 37 and 38:
government (more than twenty) came,
Page 39 and 40:
War. On the contrary, it shows that
Page 41 and 42:
this anniversary and more widely of
Page 43:
interesting: „Illusions. In summe
Page 47 and 48:
Kretschmann, Vasco The ideological
Page 49 and 50:
One of the most influential associa
Page 51 and 52:
Germanness in the provinces of West
Page 53 and 54:
Prętkiewicz, Przemysław The syste
Page 55 and 56:
interwar period and the treaty was
Page 57 and 58:
situation of rising danger accepted
Page 59 and 60:
Manchukuo and broke relations with
Page 61:
I would like to finish my article w
Page 64 and 65:
party itself but for the whole Slov
Page 66 and 67:
In summary, the group of the „Mod
Page 68 and 69:
make proposals or suggestions. 6 In
Page 70 and 71:
(Aland), Hanko and the islands of t
Page 72 and 73:
have had a less serious effect on t
Page 74 and 75:
not expect strong resistance and ho
Page 77 and 78:
Winkler, Paul Adolf Eichmann’s Vi
Page 79 and 80:
individual offenders, 10 who used h
Page 81 and 82:
esearch. But how could the suppress
Page 83 and 84:
expert of this matter 29 and had as
Page 85 and 86:
Arendt on the contrary is in the op
Page 87 and 88:
the „matter”, where there was a
Page 89 and 90:
adoption of the model it became cle
Page 91 and 92:
of Eichmann. For that Heydrich deli
Page 93:
esistance […] but of logistics. N
Page 96 and 97:
British government refused to give
Page 98 and 99:
ole in the defence of Madrid in Nov
Page 100 and 101:
public doubt the democratic idea of
Page 102 and 103:
Republicans. In the refugee camps i
Page 104 and 105:
102
Page 106 and 107:
iron? Where can one find more nicke
Page 108 and 109:
According to his diaries, the main
Page 110 and 111: announced: „We have no active all
Page 112 and 113: 110
Page 114 and 115: negative, an analysis of the disapp
Page 116 and 117: can let think of an imminent war po
Page 118 and 119: de la guerre [il] ne fait que l'agg
Page 120 and 121: Party), the enemy of the inside. Of
Page 122 and 123: 120
Page 124 and 125: Before the Pact M. Coulondre, the F
Page 126 and 127: Lets us skip a few decades and list
Page 128 and 129: argain with. Hitler had an offer th
Page 130 and 131: secret protocol clarified that the
Page 132 and 133: to reach out for Russia through the
Page 134 and 135: of a war interesting rather on civi
Page 136 and 137: At the same moment, we can note an
Page 138 and 139: Faure 2 , remains hostile to war. I
Page 140 and 141: war can still be avoided in June 19
Page 142 and 143: acked by a „belligerent” coalit
Page 144 and 145: 142
Page 146 and 147: agreement” sound anachronistic. E
Page 148 and 149: 1939 between Germany and the Soviet
Page 150 and 151: Two ideas emerge from the press: on
Page 152 and 153: soviets didn’t have motive. Blum
Page 154 and 155: Moscow's line, with the national an
Page 156 and 157: 154
Page 158 and 159: 2.000 German speaking inhabitants).
Page 162 and 163: Army. The mayor of Lviv did not wan
Page 164 and 165: 162
Page 166 and 167: Budapest, and for Warsaw. The two c
Page 168 and 169: could not destroy the Polish Air Fo
Page 170 and 171: independence, Romania was forced to
Page 172 and 173: importance for the events considere
Page 174 and 175: possible future opposition to the S
Page 176 and 177: ate of communists within the Jews o
Page 178 and 179: the initial positive feeling toward
Page 180 and 181: wanted to take revenge for the NKVD
Page 182 and 183: German Reactions A last point that
Page 184: 182
show all

The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?