The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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At the same moment, we can note an unrest in the camp of Gurs. The Gurs’camp is a refugees camp build by Daladiers government between 15 of March and the 15 of April in 1939, next to Oloron Sainte Marie to take in the former veterans of Spanish civil war after General Franco’s seizure of power. The camp icludes at the RM pact signature’s date Brigadistes (Volonteer soldiers and mercenaries coming of Central Europe to support republicans in Spain in the international squads.), Basques, Aviateurs and Spanish. In the camp, international squads’ section fidget against the government, anticommunists increase their propaganda, pamphlets pass hand to hand. In the camp, we talk about the second treason of communist Party, the first one consisting on leading to the defeat of Spanish army. As the pact was revealed, tracts against government are carried by the communists which shows quite a weariness because of the government inactivity. They proclaim that it must stop or question „what are you waiting for Mister Daladier to take plane to Moscow?” 12 The Prefect collaborator of Oloron put the territory under hight surveillance and call for help military authorities of Pau’s 18 em regiment. There are a lot of Spanish communists on the whole territory and that’s the reason why we find many Spanish names in the investigations of august and september. 13 Spanish communists are often more virulents than French ones desappointed by their defeat against Franco which condamn them to emigrate in France. They feel persecuted once again and violent actions are going to be the expression of this feeling as an attack against administration’s premises of Boucau in the course of september. 14 As a conclusion, it appears that the politics reactions are various in the department of basses Pyrénées. The authorities of the department intensify repression in the course of days and concentrate more and more their energy to control communist party and repress actions lead against government. The priority is given to preserv civil peace, and to contain any unrest on a territory which already knows backwashes for few mounths whith the Spanish‘s arrival. So, as long as the anesthesia of communist units of the department permit to reach this purpose, the authorities will adopt an organisation to muzzle them with a real effectiveness after the Nazi-Soviet pacts signature. malicious actions against government and tracts possession. Some of them were released. Source: main city department act and newspapers’ answers: collection M; 1M80. 12 Communists’tracts found in Gurs’camp the 30 and 31 of august in 1939, handed to Basses pyrénées’prefect by the special police superintendent in charge of the camp. Source: main city department act, departemental archives of Pau: collection M; 1M81. 13 List of all the communists of the territory wanted by the Ministry in september distinguishing french ones and foreigners in 2 separeted columns. Source: main city department act, departemental archives of Pau: collection M; 1M78. 14 Attack of the 16 th of September in 1939 from spanish communists to protest against anticommunists actions facilitated by Daladier’s government. Premices were empty so there was nobody died, only some injured persons who were walking near the explosion. Correspondance between police station of Boucau and the prefect of basses pyrenées. Source: main city department act, departemental archives of Pau: collection M; 1M80. 134
Dubasque, François The German-Soviet Pact and the toing and froing of the French pacifists While having a destabilising influence on international relations, the German-Soviet Pact of 23 August 1939 also had significant consequences for French political life on the eve of World War II. For many contemporary observers, this event sealed the fate of peace. This is why we thought it would be interesting to assess its impact on the pacifist movements which existed in the country in 1939. The term pacifism should be interpreted strictly as political activism in favour of peace via associations, trade unions, media outlets and political groups. The idea would therefore be to determine whether the German-Soviet Pact caused the reconstitution of the pacifist movement in France and its impact and consequences. After outlining a brief description of the group of French pacifists in the late 1930s, we shall initially focus on the attitude of the French Communist Party (PCF) so as to highlight the position of other players, in particular those in power, in relation to these new national and international issues. Pacifism in France in the late 1930s The oldest form of pacifism in the country has been represented, since the late 19 th century, by the Association de la paix par le droit (Association for peace through law) headed by philosopher Théodore Ruyssen 1 . Based on legal, internationalist and positivist ideas, this association supports Léon Bourgeois’s post-war initiatives, a former radical-socialist president of the Council representing France in the 1919 Peace Conference, in favour of an international arbitration tribunal and the League of Nations (LoN). Bourgeois is himself the originator of the French Association for the League of Nations, defending Aristide Briand’s policy, after which, in the 1930s, he campaigns for collective security and disarmament. The shock of World War I widened the audience of this moderate type of pacifism situated on the centre left of the political spectrum. War veteran associations, in an effort to prevent a new murderous madness, joined this campaign, which was part of the Geneva movement. At the time of the Munich agreement in September 1938, the political landscape of pacifism is becoming blurred with the surprising combination of two types of pacifism: a doctrine-based pacifism influences the socialist party as well as the powerful related National union of school teachers. Within the Section française de l’Internationale ouvrière (SFIO, French Section of the Workers’ International), a sizeable fraction, led by secretary general Paul 1 FABRE, R.: Un exemple de pacifisme juridique: Théodore Ruyssen et le mouvement La paix par le droit (1884-1950). In: Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire, vol. 39 (1993), 38-54. 135
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ISBN 978-963-284-164-9
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Unknown Clauses: The Background Dea
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CONTENTS Foreword (István MAJOROS,
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Foreword The world remembers in 200
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The Historical Judgement of the Mol
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went often on emotional instead of
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What is much more interesting is th
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such an international agreement as
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Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggress
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Done in duplicate, in the German an
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Lachaise, Bernard Historiography of
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Relations) are the focus of special
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Russian agreement (…) would allow
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Europe and on the French communists
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adopted a stance of denying the fac
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Ortolan, Guillaume The 70 th annive
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government (more than twenty) came,
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War. On the contrary, it shows that
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this anniversary and more widely of
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interesting: „Illusions. In summe
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Kretschmann, Vasco The ideological
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One of the most influential associa
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Germanness in the provinces of West
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Prętkiewicz, Przemysław The syste
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interwar period and the treaty was
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situation of rising danger accepted
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Manchukuo and broke relations with
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I would like to finish my article w
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party itself but for the whole Slov
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In summary, the group of the „Mod
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make proposals or suggestions. 6 In
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(Aland), Hanko and the islands of t
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have had a less serious effect on t
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not expect strong resistance and ho
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Winkler, Paul Adolf Eichmann’s Vi
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individual offenders, 10 who used h
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esearch. But how could the suppress
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expert of this matter 29 and had as
Page 85 and 86: Arendt on the contrary is in the op
Page 87 and 88: the „matter”, where there was a
Page 89 and 90: adoption of the model it became cle
Page 91 and 92: of Eichmann. For that Heydrich deli
Page 93: esistance […] but of logistics. N
Page 96 and 97: British government refused to give
Page 98 and 99: ole in the defence of Madrid in Nov
Page 100 and 101: public doubt the democratic idea of
Page 102 and 103: Republicans. In the refugee camps i
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Page 106 and 107: iron? Where can one find more nicke
Page 108 and 109: According to his diaries, the main
Page 110 and 111: announced: „We have no active all
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Page 114 and 115: negative, an analysis of the disapp
Page 116 and 117: can let think of an imminent war po
Page 118 and 119: de la guerre [il] ne fait que l'agg
Page 120 and 121: Party), the enemy of the inside. Of
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Page 124 and 125: Before the Pact M. Coulondre, the F
Page 126 and 127: Lets us skip a few decades and list
Page 128 and 129: argain with. Hitler had an offer th
Page 130 and 131: secret protocol clarified that the
Page 132 and 133: to reach out for Russia through the
Page 134 and 135: of a war interesting rather on civi
Page 138 and 139: Faure 2 , remains hostile to war. I
Page 140 and 141: war can still be avoided in June 19
Page 142 and 143: acked by a „belligerent” coalit
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Page 146 and 147: agreement” sound anachronistic. E
Page 148 and 149: 1939 between Germany and the Soviet
Page 150 and 151: Two ideas emerge from the press: on
Page 152 and 153: soviets didn’t have motive. Blum
Page 154 and 155: Moscow's line, with the national an
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Page 158 and 159: 2.000 German speaking inhabitants).
Page 160 and 161: The Eastern Polish border was not r
Page 162 and 163: Army. The mayor of Lviv did not wan
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Page 166 and 167: Budapest, and for Warsaw. The two c
Page 168 and 169: could not destroy the Polish Air Fo
Page 170 and 171: independence, Romania was forced to
Page 172 and 173: importance for the events considere
Page 174 and 175: possible future opposition to the S
Page 176 and 177: ate of communists within the Jews o
Page 178 and 179: the initial positive feeling toward
Page 180 and 181: wanted to take revenge for the NKVD
Page 182 and 183: German Reactions A last point that
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The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál

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